Using NLP meta, Milton, metaphor models, for improving the activity of the organization

The objective of this paper is the improving of the three methods from the neuro- linguistic programming – metaphor, Milton model and the meta-model, so by using this in daily activities by an organization to improve the activities witch, are performed and to have a more efficient allocation of the available resources.neuro linguistic programming (NLP), metaphor, Milton model, meta-model.

CENTRAL BANK INDEPENDENCE AND MACROECONOMIC PERFORMANCES - AN EMPIRICAL APPROACH

The empirical evidence upon the macroeconomic performances of the independent central banks do not always have been successfully. In some cases, the consistency of the indices based on the interpretation of central banks statues used for measuring the degree of central bank independence is controversial, particularly for some of the indices. Moreover, the correlations between central bank independence and macroeconomic performance variables are not always confirmed, the causal relationship between central bank independence and inflation is controversial, and the higher disinflation costs, as a result of a higher sacrifice ratio correlated with the degree of independence is controversial, too. The effects of central bank independence upon macroeconomic performances focalized upon the empirical evidence of inflation, output or economic grouth and the disinflation costs. This is due to the lack of studies vis - á - vis of relationship between central bank independence and macroeconomic performances regarding some variables like interest rates and budgetary deficits. Specialists consider inflation and output as the main determinats of the social welfare. The economic literature regarding this fact suggests that the central bank is seen as a free lunch institution. This hypothesis sustains that independent central banks will have social benefits in terms of lower inflation rates, but without any costs in terms of the real macroeconomic performances as a higher output volatility or a lower economic growth. In this article we provide a qualitative analyses regarding the relationship between central bank independence and macroeconomic performances. For this purpose the authors' used the new index for measuring central bank independence and inflation targeting based on three pillars: political and legal central bank independence, central bank governance and conduct of monetary policy, central bank transparency and accountability. For estimating the connections between the evolution of central bank independence and macroeconomic performances we used five macroeconomic variables: GDP in constant prices, Harmonised Price Consumer Index, unemployment rate, budgetary deficit and current account deficit. Both measuring the degree of central bank independence and evaluating the average levels of the macroeconomic variables were analysed in the period 1990 - 2009, within 20 less developing countries. The final results will help clarify the complex relationship between central bank independence and macroeconomic performances in countries who fostered a large amount of institutional shift in recent years.Central bank transparency, central bank accountability, inflation targeting, macroeconomic outcomes, free lunch hypothesis

DIMENSIONS AND CHALLENGES OF SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY

We focused the research spot on the dimensions and challenges of social responsibility,focusing more on issues of how companies, in terms of competition, consumers, employees,community and environment affect the economy.We analyzed and shown how businesses, governments, consumers and other interested parties arealways exciting and required to contribute to efforts to reduce poverty, to create competitiveproducts and services, new jobs, while protecting natural resources through development ofsustainable production and consumption.Finally, we showed that social responsibility programs target real social needs and effect,generating social benefits that can be converted into market opportunities and long-term profits.But, all this requires changes in attitudes and reorientation, both for production and consumption,by products and services less destructive to the environment, to improve efficiency of resource use,eco-efficiency and overall economic efficiency, and, at the same time, competitiveness, supported bya process of innovation more actively.business, corporate social responsibility (CSR), environment, globalization, management,sustainable development.

"Macroeconomic stabilization in a heterogeneous monetary union: some insights into the effects of fiscal policy coordination"

This paper studies the effects the fiscal coordination can have in terms of macroeconomic stabilization in a monetary Union which is heterogeneous at the level of the mechanisms of monetary policy transmission. We will use a static Keynesian model in a closed monetary Union and will prove that the stabilization effectiveness depends mainly on the type and origin of the economic shocks affecting the Union members (demand or supply shocks, domestic or foreign shocks) and on the extent of the Union's structural heterogeneity. In the case of the demand shocks, the fiscal policy coordination proves to be an optimal shock absorber only for the countries to which these shocks are specific. In the case of the supply shocks, it can represent an efficient instrument of stabilization especially if the Union''s structural heterogeneity is weak.

Measuring Central Bank Independence and Inflation Targeting in Developed and Developing Countries

In the economic literature we can identify six widely used indices or measures for legal independence: Bade & Parkin (1988); Alesina (1988, 1989); Grilli, Masciandaro & Tabellini (1991); Eijffinger & Schaling (1993); Cukierman (1992) and Cukierman, Webb & Neyapti (1992).All these indices of legal central bank independence exhibit inverse and significant relation with inflation in industrialized countries but not in developing countries. In developing countries, the actual practices and norms in central banking may not replicate the central banking law, contrary to the case of developed countries. Cukierman (1992), Cukierman et al. (1992) and Cukierman and Webb (1995) developed three behaviourally oriented indices for measuring central bank independence in emerging countries. These three indices are: a questionnaire – based index form identifying deviations of the legal position from actual practice, the actual turnover rate of central bank governors and the political vulnerability of central bank governor which are used as proxies for actual independence of central banks, particularly in developing countries. The first section of the paper reveals the most important indices for measuring central bank independence in developed countries and in developing countries. In the second section of the paper I use the new index for central bank independence and inflation targeting for measuring these important aspects in three groups of countries: developed countries, developing countries and less developed countries.legal indices, actual indices, central bank governance, central bank accountability, political independence