The New Sculpture and the Old: British Sculpture between Painting and Architecture, Greece, Rome, Florence, and France, c.1870-1910

The New Sculpture was, in a sense, no such thing. All the major figures of the movement turned in varying ways to tradition and the past to justify and inform their practice in the present. In this self-conscious ‘revival’ or ‘renaissance’ of forgotten principles, the elements of rediscovery and continuity with the traditions of the past were taken seriously, though the leading figures, including Alfred Gilbert, William Hamo Thornycroft, Edward Onslow Ford, and Thomas Stirling Lee, were both different among themselves and eclectic in their actual work. As individuals, all looked to French Sculpture, which had seen a momentous neo-Florentine revival from the 1860s onwards, yet the Quattrocentist mode, with its gradual apotheosis of Donatello, in particular, was paired with an enduring admiration for fifth-century Greek and Hellenistic sculpture, increasingly seen as having pictorial qualities in line with modern naturalism alongside the qualities of breadth, purity, and serenity associated with an earlier neoclassicism. As modellers, all aimed in varying degrees for a picturesque, colouristic handling of form that was explored in the monumental sphere as well as in small scale-works for the interior. Ruskin’s ideas, too, were more important for the New Sculpture than has been recognised. The movement produced very varied results in the field of architecture

The effect of anthropogenic noise and weather conditions on male calls in the bladder grasshopper Bullacris unicolor

Acoustic communication in animals relies upon specificcontextsandenvironments for effective signal transmission. Increasing anthropo-genic noise pollution and different weather conditions can disruptacoustic communication. In this study, we investigated call parameterdifferences in the bladder grasshopperBullacris unicolorinhabitingtwo sites in close proximity to each other that differed in their noiselevels. Calling activity was monitored via passive acoustic recorders.Weather conditions, including wind speed, temperature and humid-ity, were also recorded. We found that the interval between succes-sive calls increased with higher noise levels at both sites, and the peakfrequency became lower. The total number of calls detected alsodecreased with anthropogenic noise, but this relationship was onlyevident at the noisier site. In addition, grasshoppers shifted the timingof their calls to later in the night at the noisier site, possibly to takeadvantage of relatively lower noise levels

The Five Safes RO-Crate: FAIR Digital Objects for Trusted Research Environments for Health Data Research

Trusted Research Environments (TREs) are secure locations in which health and other sensitive data are placed and made available for researchers to analyse under strict controls. TRE’s in the UK operate under the Five Safes governance framework of safe data, safe people, safe projects, safe settings and safe outputs to protect data confidentiality. However, there is no standardised mechanism for streamlining the exchange of the metadata needed between analysis toolkits and TREs to follow Five Safes procedures. This lack of standardised interoperability is exacerbated when undertaking federated analysis across multiple TREs. The “Five Safes RO-Crate” digital object is a proposed approach for packaging the metadata needed for exchanging research requests and results between analysis tools and TRE providers, enabling them to operate Five Safe compliant processes. The approach has been piloted by the DARE UK TRE-FX project with commercial and open-source analysis toolkits and two health data TREs. The work will continue to be developed in Health Data Research UK’s Federated Analytics work programme and incorporated into the TRE Blueprints currently being developed by EOSC-ENTRUST European Network of Trusted Research Environments and DARE-UK. Five Safes RO-Crate is an important component of the metadata middleware necessary for implementing scalable TRE federated analysis

The diurnal activity budgets of extralimital giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis giraffa) in the Western Cape Province, South Africa

Despite being an extralimital species in the region, South African giraffes (Giraffa camelopardalis giraffa, Schreber 1784) are continuously being introduced into the Albany Thicket Biome of the Western Cape Province of South Africa. This study aimed to determine the diurnal activity budgets of two extralimital giraffe populations in the Western Cape of South Africa. Diurnal activity budgets are important to provide baseline information on the adaptability of species in newly introduced areas and for more detailed ecological studies such as those relating to habitat suitability, animal–plant interactions and interactions with other resident animals

Female preference for blue in Japan blue guppies (Poecilia reticulata)

Guppies (Poecilia reticulata) are widely used as a model species in mate choice studies. Although native to South America, guppies have been introduced to natural water bodies in disparate regions of the globe. Here, for the first time, we examine guppies from one such introduced population in Japan where males have evolved a predominantly blue color pattern. Previous studies of wild-type guppies have shown blue to play a relatively minor role in the mate choice decisions of females compared to other traits, such as orange, and the importance of blue is not universally supported by all studies. The Japanese population therefore presents an ideal opportunity to re-examine the potential significance of blue as a mate choice cue in guppies. Mate choice experiments, in which female Japan blue guppies were given a choice between pairs of males that differed in their area of blue coloration but were matched for other traits, revealed that females prefer males with proportionately larger amounts of blue in their color patterns. We discuss possible factors, including sexual and ecological selection, which may have led to the evolution of unusually large areas of blue at the expense of other colors in Japan blue guppies. However, further studies are needed to distinguish between these scenarios.Web of Scienc

Five Safes RO-Crate: FAIR Digital Objects for Trusted Research Environments

Trusted Research Environments (TREs) are secure locations in which data are placed for researchers to analyse. TREs can be set up to host administrative data, hospital data or any other data that needs to remain securely isolated. It is hard for a researcher to perform an analysis across multiple TREs, requesting and gathering the data needed from each one. Federated analysis widens the scope of research and makes more effective use of data, but that data needs to be analysed across geographical or governance boundaries, for example in devolved healthcare in the UK and across national borders in Europe.A federated infrastructure makes it much easier for analysis tools to access multiple TREs. Health Data Research UK (HDR UK) is developing a blueprint for TRE federation and tools for federated data discovery. There are different ways of implementing the well-established TREs, and many popular analysis tools already in widespread use, so solutions need to be readily adoptable by existing systems. Moreover, the infrastructure needs to work within the “Five Safes” framework that aims to protect data and enable data services to provide safe research access to data. RO-Crate is a community effort to establish a lightweight, native approach to packaging research data with their metadata. It has become a widely adopted framework for inter-service exchange, resource archiving, and reproducible reporting, used by digital research infrastructures and their services. It is an implementation of the FDO Forum’s FAIR Digital Objects.The HDR UK, through TRE-FX project, has developed the “Five Safes RO-Crate” as a new way of packaging up the digital objects needed for research requests and results with the information needed for the tools and TRE providers. Five Safes RO-Crates enable the exchange of query requests and results between analysis clients and TREs while ensuring that the access is safe and the process transparent. Included within its specification are eight steps that ensure that the RO-Crate’s metadata for safe data, safe people, safe projects, safe settings and safe outputs are reviewed according to Five Safes principles. The Five Safes RO-Crate Profile builds on the Workflow-Run-RO-Crate, first developed in the EU EOSC-Life project, effectively making them a representation of trusted workflow provenance.The approach has been piloted with TREs from Scotland, Wales and England and implemented by two widely used analysis toolkits (DataSHIELD, BitFount). Five Safes RO-Crates will be a pillar of HDR UK’s ongoing Federated Analytics development

Brevicoryne brassicae aphids interfere with transcriptome responses of Arabidopsis thaliana to feeding by Plutella xylostella caterpillars in a density‑dependent manner

Plants are commonly attacked by multiple herbivorous species. Yet, little is known about transcriptional patterns underlying plant responses to multiple insect attackers feeding simultaneously. Here, we assessed= transcriptomic responses of Arabidopsis thaliana plants to simultaneous feeding by Plutella xylostella caterpillars and Brevicoryne brassicae aphids in comparison to plants infested by P. xylostella caterpillars alone, using microarray analysis. We particularly investigated how aphid feeding interferes with the transcriptomic response to P. xylostella caterpillars and whether this interference is dependent on aphid density and time since aphid attack. Various JA-responsive genes were up-regulated in response to feeding by P. xylostella caterpillars. The additional presence of aphids, both at low and high densities, clearly affected the transcriptional plant response to caterpillars. Interestingly, some important modulators of plant defense signalling, including WRKY transcription factor genes and ABA-dependent genes, were differentially induced in response to simultaneous aphid feeding at low or high density compared with responses to P. xylostella caterpillars feeding alone. Furthermore, aphids affected the P. xylostella-induced transcriptomic response in a density dependent manner, which caused an acceleration in plant response against dual insect attack at high aphid density compared to dual insect attack at low aphid density. In conclusion, our study provides evidence that aphids influence the caterpillar-induced transcriptional response of A. thaliana in a density-dependent manner. It highlights the importance of addressing insect density to understand how plant responses to single attackers interfere with responses to other attackers and thus underlines the importance of the dynamics of transcriptional plant responses to multiple herbivory

Phylogeographic investigation of the bladder grasshopper Bullacris unicolor (Orthoptera Pneumoroidea) in South Africa

There are several factors, such as genetic drift, gene flow and migration that affect the population genetic structure and phylogeographic distribution of genetic lineages within single species. Previous studies of the bladder grasshoppers, Bullacris unicolor of South Africa, showed divergence in mitochondrial CO1 (cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1) haplotype diversity and significant genetic structure. In this study, we revisit these findings adding more samples from different locations and using mitochondrial CO1 and Internal transcribed spacer (ITS) gene sequences. We tested the hypothesis that the western, northern and eastern distribution ranges of B. unicolor show different population genetic patterns, corresponding with isolation-by-distance. Mitochondrial CO1 and ITS data were collected for 99 individuals from 12 localities across the Western, Northern and Eastern sides of South Africa. Overall, significant variation in genetic structure was found across the localities as indicated by FST analyses

The Five Safes RO-Crate: FAIR Digital Objects for Trusted Research Environments for Health Data Research

Trusted Research Environments (TREs) are secure locations in which health and other sensitive data are placed and made available for researchers to analyse under strict controls. TRE’s in the UK operate under the Five Safes governance framework of safe data, safe people, safe projects, safe settings and safe outputs to protect data confidentiality. However, there is no standardised mechanism for streamlining the exchange of the metadata needed between analysis toolkits and TREs to follow Five Safes procedures. This lack of standardised interoperability is exacerbated when undertaking federated analysis across multiple TREs. The “Five Safes RO-Crate” digital object is a proposed approach for packaging the metadata needed for exchanging research requests and results between analysis tools and TRE providers, enabling them to operate Five Safe compliant processes. The approach has been piloted by the DARE UK TRE-FX project with commercial and open-source analysis toolkits and two health data TREs. The work will continue to be developed in Health Data Research UK’s Federated Analytics work programme and incorporated into the TRE Blueprints currently being developed by EOSC-ENTRUST European Network of Trusted Research Environments and DARE-UK. Five Safes RO-Crate is an important component of the metadata middleware necessary for implementing scalable TRE federated analysis