Сульфидная система в раннепротерозойских породах чечелеевского литолого-стратиграфического уровня Кировоградского мегаблока (Украинский щит)

На основе минералогических, изотопных и термобарогеохимических исследований прослежена эволюция сульфидной системы от исходных метаморфогенных до гидротермально-метасоматических ассоциаций. В рамках этой эволюции проведено сопоставление изотопного состава серы магнитных и немагнитных пирротинов.На основі мінералогічних, ізотопних і термобарогеохімічних досліджень простежено еволюцію сульфідної системи від вихідних метаморфогенних до гідротермально- метасоматичних асоціацій. В межах цієї еволюції проведено порівняння ізотопного складу сірки магнітних та немагнітних піротинів.On the base of mineralogical, isotopic and thermobarogeochemical investigations the evolution of sulfide system from host metamorphic to hydrothermal-metasomatic associations was trashed. At the frames of this evolution the comparison of isotopic composition of magnetic and nonmagnetic pyrrhotite sulfur was carried out

Современные формы финансового обеспечения инновационной сферы с участием государства

Целью статьи является рассмотрение основных финансовых источников инновационной деятельности в аграрном секторе экономики. Обоснование схемы бюджетного финансирования инновационной сферы и основных способов государственной поддержки кооперации в научно-инновационной сфере АПК

Implicit Associations and Explicit Expectancies toward Cannabis in Heavy Cannabis Users and Controls

Cognitive biases, including implicit memory associations are thought to play an important role in the development of addictive behaviors. The aim of the present study was to investigate implicit affective memory associations in heavy cannabis users. Implicit positive-arousal, sedation, and negative associations toward cannabis were measured with three Single Category Implicit Association Tests (SC-IAT’s) and compared between 59 heavy cannabis users and 89 controls. Moreover, we investigated the relationship between these implicit affective associations and explicit expectancies, subjective craving, cannabis use, and cannabis related problems. Results show that heavy cannabis users had stronger implicit positive-arousal associations but weaker implicit negative associations toward cannabis compared to controls. Moreover, heavy cannabis users had stronger sedation but weaker negative explicit expectancies toward cannabis compared to controls. Within heavy cannabis users, more cannabis use was associated with stronger implicit negative associations whereas more cannabis use related problems was associated with stronger explicit negative expectancies, decreasing the overall difference on negative associations between cannabis users and controls. No other associations were observed between implicit associations, explicit expectancies, measures of cannabis use, cannabis use related problems, or subjective craving. These findings indicate that, in contrast to other substances of abuse like alcohol and tobacco, the relationship between implicit associations and cannabis use appears to be weak in heavy cannabis users

Orbitofrontal and caudate volumes in cannabis users: a multi-site mega-analysis comparing dependent versus non-dependent users.

Cannabis (CB) use and dependence are associated with regionally specific alterations to brain circuitry and substantial psychosocial impairment.The objective of this study was to investigate the association between CB use and dependence, and the volumes of brain regions critically involved in goal-directed learning and behaviour-the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) and caudate.In the largest multi-site structural imaging study of CB users vs healthy controls (HC), 140 CB users and 121 HC were recruited from four research sites. Group differences in OFC and caudate volumes were investigated between HC and CB users and between 70 dependent (CB-dep) and 50 non-dependent (CB-nondep) users. The relationship between quantity of CB use and age of onset of use and caudate and OFC volumes was explored.CB users (consisting of CB-dep and CB-nondep) did not significantly differ from HC in OFC or caudate volume. CB-dep compared to CB-nondep users exhibited significantly smaller volume in the medial and the lateral OFC. Lateral OFC volume was particularly smaller in CB-dep females, and reduced volume in the CB-dep group was associated with higher monthly cannabis dosage.Smaller medial OFC volume may be driven by CB dependence-related mechanisms, while smaller lateral OFC volume may be due to ongoing exposure to cannabinoid compounds. The results highlight a distinction between cannabis use and dependence and warrant examination of gender-specific effects in studies of CB dependence

Cannabis use disorders and brain morphology

Cannabis use disorders (CUDs) affect 13.1 million individuals worldwide and represent the most vulnerable portion of regular cannabis users. Neuroanatomical alterations in the brain may mediate the adverse outcomes of CUDs. We reviewed findings from 16 structural neuroimaging studies of gray matter morphology in CUDs. As of this writing the research shows preliminary evidence for CUD-specific alterations within the striatum, medial temporal lobe, prefrontal cortex, and cerebellum. Age of onset, gender, cumulative cannabis consumption, abstinence, and CUD-associated problems may be important moderators in the association between CUDs and brain morphology. The paucity of neuroimaging studies investigating brain morphology in CUDs, however, prevents strong conclusions being drawn about CUD-specific brain morphology. Studying the commonalities and differences between cannabis users with and without a CUD will be an important next step to understand the neurobiological mechanisms underlying CUDs and to develop new treatment strategies

Time to acknowledge the mixed effects of cannabis on health: a summary and critical review of the NASEM 2017 report on the health effects of cannabis and cannabinoids

This is a summary and critical review of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine (NASEM) report of the health effects of cannabis. The report stated that effects of cannabis are understudied, and research findings are mixed. It concluded that the under‐developed evidence base poses a public health risk and rightly addressed complexities of cannabis research that need to be resolved collaboratively. We support NASEM's urgent call for research, but add that the mixed evidence base cannot be attributed solely to research limitations. Rather, we propose a need to acknowledge the heterogeneity in the effects of cannabis to advance the field