Development of anion-selective membranes

Methods were studied of preparing anion-exchange membranes that would have low resistance, high selectivity, and physical and chemical stability when used in acidic media in a redox energy storage system. Of the twelve systems selected for study, only the system that was based on crosslinked poly-4-vinylpyridinium chloride produced physically strong membranes when equilibrated in l M HCl. The resistivity of the best membrane was 12 ohm-cm, and the transference number for chloride ions was 0.81

A randomized trial comparing the Tennant Biomodulator to transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation and traditional Chinese acupuncture for the treatment of chronic pain in military service members

Abstract Background The present investigation tested the efficacy of the Tennant Biomodulator, a novel pain management intervention that uses biofeedback-modulated electrical stimulation, to reduce chronic pain and its psychosocial sequelae in a sample of current and former military service members. The Tennant Biomodulator used on its most basic setting was compared to two commonly used, non-pharmacological pain treatments—traditional Chinese acupuncture and transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS)—in a comparative efficacy, randomized, open-label trial. Methods Participants included 100 active duty and retired service men and women with chronic pain undergoing treatment at the Brooke Army Medical Center in Texas, USA, randomly assigned to receive six, weekly sessions of either Tennant Biomodulator treatment, traditional Chinese acupuncture, or TENS, in addition to usual care. Recruitment was conducted between May 2010 to September 2013. Outcome measures were collected at intake, before and after each treatment session, and at a 1-month follow-up. Intent-to-treat analyses were used throughout, with mixed models used to investigate main effects of group, time, and group × time interactions with consideration given to quadratic effects. Outcomes measured included ratings of chronic pain, pain-related functional disability, and symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression. Results On average, regardless of their treatment group, participants exhibited a 16% reduction in pain measured by the Brooke Army Medical Center’s Clinic Pain Log [F(1, 335) = 55.7, P &lt;  0.0001] and an 11% reduction in pain-related disability measured by the Million Visual Analog Scale [MVAS: F(1, 84) = 28.3, P &lt;  0.0001] from baseline to the end of treatment, but no one treatment performed better than the other, and the reductions in pain and pain-related disability were largely lost by 1-month follow-up. Symptoms of PTSD and depression did not change significantly as a function of time or group. Conclusions Findings build on previous work suggesting that traditional Chinese acupuncture and TENS can reduce pain and its functional sequelae without risks associated with pharmacological pain management. The Tennant Biomodulator used on its most basic setting performs as well as these other interventions. Based on the present findings, large, randomized controlled trials on the Tennant Biomodulator are indicated. Future work should test this device using its full range of settings for pain-related psychological health. Trial registration Clincialtrials.gov (NCT01752010); registered December 14, 2012. </jats:sec

Numerical Simulation of Free Surface MHD Flows: Richtmyer-Meshkov Instability and Applications

Numerical methods for free surface MHD ows have been developed and numerical simulations of the Richtmyer - Meshkov type instability in liquid jets in strong magnetic elds caused by an external energy deposition have been performed. Numerical results shed light on the evolution of the proposed Muon Collider target which will be designed as a pulsed jet of mercury interacting with strong proton beams in a 20 Tesla magnetic eld. The formation and evolution of strong instabilities of the jet surface in the absence of the magnetic eld have been demonstrated. We have shown that a uniform magnetic eld signi cantly reduces amplitudes and velocities of surface instabilities and is able to stabilize the jet for all surface perturbations during times typical for the jet breakup at zero magnetic eld