Social forces, states and world orders: Beyond International Relations theory

En este artículo Cox plantea cómo a lo largo del desarrollo de la disciplina de las Relaciones Internacionales se han ido enfrentando las distintas percepciones sobre el estado y la sociedad civil. Continúa el texto presentando cómo los enfoques críticos, inicialmente inspirados en el marxismo, más adelante en los conceptos de hegemonía y contra hegemonía y, luego, a través de las teorías del sistema mundo, sirve para retomar la relevancia del poder material en el análisis de los procesos de creación de nuevos órdenes mundiales. Cox propone la diferenciación ideológica, teórica y práctica entre la pax britannica y la pax americana como procesos históricos específicos, creadores de distintas estructuras sociales, políticas y económicas. Además, enfatiza las diversas prácticas de internacionalización de la producción a través de sus diversos canales como, agencias estatales, interestatales, clases directivas de corporaciones multinacionales, e instituciones internacionales, entre otros, para generar las estructuras base que componen y generan las fuerzas de poder a finales del siglo XX.”In this article, Cox poses how through the development of International Relations theory different perspectives on state and civil society had face each other. He continues presenting how Critical approaches, inspired firstly by Marxism, continuing with concepts as hegemony and counterhegemony, and then through World System theories, serves to retake material power relevance on new world orders creation processes. Cox proposes the ideologically, theoretical and practical differentiation between the pax britannica and pax americana taking both as specific historical processes, engenders of different social, political and economical structures. Moreover, emphasizes on the various practices of production internationalization through different actors as state agencies, interstate agencies, multinational corporations managing classes, and international institutions, among others, in order to produce the basic structures that form and generate late-Twentieth Century power force

Gramsci, hegemony and international relations: An essay in method

Este artículo es, a día de hoy, una de las piezas clásicas y fundamentales para la posibilidad de estudiar las relaciones globales de poder a partir de las herramientas conceptuales desarrolladas por Gramsci a lo largo de su obra. Cox, contribuye de esta forma a las corrientes críticas de las Relaciones Internacionales al discutir varios conceptos gramscianos y cuáles serían las implicaciones para estudiar las relaciones internacionales en distintos periodos de hegemonía y contrahegemonía. De igual forma, el autor planteó la cuestión –en su momento novedosa– de la relevancia de tomar en cuenta los procesos internos de construcción de bloques históricos contrahegemónicos como aquellos que podrían tener un efecto revolucionario en las estructuras y organizaciones internacionales, así como ruptura con la hegemonía plasmada como una clase perteneciente a un orden económico universal transnacionalThis article is a classic and fundamental for approaching global power relations with the conceptual tools developed by Gramsci. Cox contributes to critical thought in International Relations by discussing various gramscian concepts and what their implications are for the study of different historical forms of hegemony and counter-hegemony. Also, the author draws our attention –novel at the time of its publicaction– to the relevance of taking into account the construction of domestic counter-hegemonic historic blocs. He suggests that these could have a revolutionary effect on international structures and organizations, as well as rupture with the hegemony performed by the transnational economic orde

FMRI Clustering and False Positive Rates

Recently, Eklund et al. (2016) analyzed clustering methods in standard FMRI packages: AFNI (which we maintain), FSL, and SPM [1]. They claimed: 1) false positive rates (FPRs) in traditional approaches are greatly inflated, questioning the validity of "countless published fMRI studies"; 2) nonparametric methods produce valid, but slightly conservative, FPRs; 3) a common flawed assumption is that the spatial autocorrelation function (ACF) of FMRI noise is Gaussian-shaped; and 4) a 15-year-old bug in AFNI's 3dClustSim significantly contributed to producing "particularly high" FPRs compared to other software. We repeated simulations from [1] (Beijing-Zang data [2], see [3]), and comment on each point briefly.Comment: 3 pages, 1 figure. A Letter accepted in PNA

High Resolution 8 mm and 1 cm Polarization of IRAS 4A from the VLA Nascent Disk and Multiplicity (VANDAM) Survey

Magnetic fields can regulate disk formation, accretion and jet launching. Until recently, it has been difficult to obtain high resolution observations of the magnetic fields of the youngest protostars in the critical region near the protostar. The VANDAM survey is observing all known protostars in the Perseus Molecular Cloud. Here we present the polarization data of IRAS 4A. We find that with ~ 0.2'' (50 AU) resolution at {\lambda} = 8.1 and 10.3 mm, the inferred magnetic field is consistent with a circular morphology, in marked contrast with the hourglass morphology seen on larger scales. This morphology is consistent with frozen-in field lines that were dragged in by rotating material entering the infall region. The field morphology is reminiscent of rotating circumstellar material near the protostar. This is the first polarization detection of a protostar at these wavelengths. We conclude from our observations that the dust emission is optically thin with {\beta} ~ 1.3, suggesting that mm/cm-sized grains have grown and survived in the short lifetime of the protostar.Comment: Accepted to ApJL. 13 pages, 4 figure

Detecting the subtle shape differences in hemodynamic responses at the group level

The nature of the hemodynamic response (HDR) is still not fully understood due to the multifaceted processes involved. Aside from the overall amplitude, the response may vary across cognitive states, tasks, brain regions, and subjects with respect to characteristics such as rise and fall speed, peak duration, undershoot shape, and overall duration. Here we demonstrate that the fixed-shape or adjusted-shape methods may fail to detect some shape subtleties. In contrast, the estimated-shape method (ESM) through multiple basis functions can provide the opportunity to identify some subtle shape differences and achieve higher statistical power at both individual and group levels. Previously, some dimension reduction approaches focused on the peak magnitude, or made inferences based on the area under the curve or interaction, which can lead to potential misidentifications. By adopting a generic framework of multivariate modeling (MVM), we showcase a hybrid approach that is validated by simulations and real data. Unlike the few analyses that were limited to main effect, two- or three-way interactions, we extend the approach to an inclusive platform that is more adaptable than the conventional GLM, achieving a practical equipoise among representation, false positive control, statistical power, and modeling flexibility

The VLA/ALMA Nascent Disk and Multiplicity (VANDAM) Survey of Perseus Protostars. VI. Characterizing the Formation Mechanism for Close Multiple Systems

We present Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) observations of multiple protostar systems in the Perseus molecular cloud previously detected by the Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array (VLA). We observed 17 close ($<$600~AU separation) multiple systems at 1.3~mm in continuum and five molecular lines (i.e., \twco, \cateo, \thco, H$_2$CO, SO) to characterize the circum-multiple environments in which these systems are forming. We detect at least one component in the continuum for the 17 multiple systems. In three systems, one companion is not detected, and for two systems the companions are unresolved at our observed resolution. We also detect circum-multiple dust emission toward 8 out of 9 Class 0 multiples. Circum-multiple dust emission is not detected toward any of the 8 Class I multiples. Twelve systems are detected in the dense gas tracers toward their disks/inner envelopes. For these 12 systems, we use the dense gas observations to characterize their formation mechanism. The velocity gradients in the circum-multiple gas are clearly orthogonal to the outflow directions in 8 out of the 12 systems, consistent with disk fragmentation. Moreover, only two systems with separations $<$200~AU are \textit{inconsistent} with disk fragmentation, in addition to the two widest systems ($>$500~AU). Our results suggest that disk fragmentation via gravitational instability is an important formation mechanism for close multiple systems, but further statistics are needed to better determine the relative fraction formed via this method.Comment: 48 Pages, 26 Figures, 7 Tables, Accepted by Ap