Multi-scale gyrokinetic simulations: Comparison with experiment and implications for predicting turbulence and transport

To better understand the role of cross-scale coupling in experimental conditions, a series of multi-scale gyrokinetic simulations were performed on Alcator C-Mod, L-mode plasmas. These simulations, performed using all experimental inputs and realistic ion to electron mass ratio ((mi/me)1∕2 = 60.0), simultaneously capture turbulence at the ion (kθρs∼(1.0)) and electron-scales (kθρe∼(1.0)). Direct comparison with experimental heat fluxes and electron profile stiffness indicates that Electron Temperature Gradient (ETG) streamers and strong cross-scale turbulence coupling likely exist in both of the experimental conditions studied. The coupling between ion and electron-scales exists in the form of energy cascades, modification of zonal flow dynamics, and the effective shearing of ETG turbulence by long wavelength, Ion Temperature Gradient (ITG) turbulence. The tightly coupled nature of ITG and ETG turbulence in these realistic plasma conditions is shown to have significant implications for the interpretation of experimental transport and fluctuations. Initial attempts are made to develop a “rule of thumb” based on linear physics, to help predict when cross-scale coupling plays an important role and to inform future modeling of experimental discharges. The details of the simulations, comparisons with experimental measurements, and implications for both modeling and experimental interpretation are discussed.United States. Department of Energy (DE-AC02-05CH11231)United States. Department of Energy (DE-FC02-99ER54512-CMOD)United States. Department of Energy (DE-SC0006957)United States. Department of Energy (DE-FG02-06ER54871

The in vitro effects of resistin on the innate immune signaling pathway in isolated human subcutaneous adipocytes

Context: Obesity-associated inflammation is a contributory factor in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM); the mechanisms underlying the progression to T2DM are unclear. The adipokine resistin has demonstrated pro-inflammatory properties in relation to obesity and T2DM. Objective: To characterize resistin expression in human obesity and address the role of resistin in the innate immune pathway. Furthermore, examine the influence of lipopolysaccharide, recombinant human resistin (rhResistin), insulin and rosiglitazone in human adipocytes. Finally, analyze the effect of rhResistin on the expression of components of the NF-κB pathway and insulin signaling cascade. Methods: Abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue was obtained from patients undergoing elective liposuction surgery (n = 35, aged: 36-49 yr; BMI: 26.5 ± 5.9 kg/m2). Isolated adipocytes were cultured with rhResistin (10-50 ng/ml). The level of cytokine secretion from isolated adipocytes was examined by ELISA. The effect of rhResistin on protein expression of components of the innate immune pathway was examined by Western blot. Results: In-vitro studies demonstrated that antigenic stimuli increase resistin secretion (P < 0.001) from isolated adipocytes. Pro-inflammatory cytokine levels were increased in response to rhResistin (P < 0.001); this was attenuated by rosiglitazone (P < 0.01). When examining components of the innate immune pathway, rhResistin stimulated Toll-like receptor-2 protein expression. Similarly, mediators of the insulin signaling pathway, phosphospecific JNK1 and JNK2, were upregulated in response to rhResistin. Conclusion: Resistin may participate in more than one mechanism to influence pro-inflammatory cytokine release from human adipocytes; potentially via the integration of NF-κB and JNK signaling pathways

Explaining Cold-Pulse Dynamics in Tokamak Plasmas Using Local Turbulent Transport Models

A long-standing enigma in plasma transport has been resolved by modeling of cold-pulse experiments conducted on the Alcator C-Mod tokamak. Controlled edge cooling of fusion plasmas triggers core electron heating on time scales faster than an energy confinement time, which has long been interpreted as strong evidence of nonlocal transport. This Letter shows that the steady-state profiles, the cold-pulse rise time, and disappearance at higher density as measured in these experiments are successfully captured by a recent local quasilinear turbulent transport model, demonstrating that the existence of nonlocal transport phenomena is not necessary for explaining the behavior and time scales of cold-pulse experiments in tokamak plasmas.United States. Department of Energy (Award DE-FC02-99ER54512)United States. Department of Energy (Grant DESC0014264

Exploring the role of generative AI in enhancing language learning:opportunities and challenges

Contemporary advances in generative AI technology have sparked considerable interest regarding its application in language education. This article explores the innovative impact that AI-powered linguistic educational tools may have, such as customised learning journeys, dynamic content, and individualised feedback mechanisms, which collectively have the potential to enhance language acquisition and literacy. At the same time, it is important to recognise the constraints associated with such technologies in the educational sphere. Concern about maintaining precision and genuineness within AI-crafted language texts is a concern in the literature. There is also caution about AI's current inclination to standardise language expression and to propagate limited cultural narratives, alongside the risks of over-reliance on technology which may diminish analytical thought and inventiveness. This article examines the ethical considerations involving generative AI, such as the authenticity of creative work and the ownership of intellectual output. Emphasising the necessity for clarity and conscientious in the application of AI, this conceptual article outlines the opportunities, limitations and ethical concerns associated with generative AI in language instruction. The core message of the article advocates for a well-rounded strategy that leverages the positive aspects of generative AI within language education, while also addressing possible drawbacks and championing an ethical and equitable approach to language learning in the emerging AI-centric digital landscape. A model for forging thinking in this new research and practice space is designed to synthesise many of the possibilities of generative AI in language education

The Efficacy of Journal Writing in Assisting Survivors of Sexual Trauma towards Post-Traumatic Growth

Along with a cultural shift in the United States to advocate against sexual assault, there is an increase in literature suggesting clinical interventions to promote transformation following trauma by sexual assault. Historically, research and clinical application has focused on post-traumatic stress disorder, but there is an increase in literature that encourages clinical intervention following trauma to encourage survivors to intercept symptoms of post-traumatic stress and transform their experience into post-traumatic growth. Journal writing therapy may be an efficient, evidence-based therapeutic technique for encouraging this transformation towards post-traumatic growth.[k1] A review of the literature on writing therapy practice and post-traumatic stress disorder was used to compare and expand upon available literature on journal therapy and post-traumatic growth. Journal writing assists by decreasing symptoms of post-traumatic stress, and promotes a context for post-traumatic growth to occur. Journal writing can be applied to target specific indicators of PTG, including increased social interest, finding meaning in life, and coping skills. Through identifying specific coping skills, reflecting to identify meaning of the traumatic experience, and providing exposure to the trauma, journal therapy encourages transformation through emotional disclosure and present insight

The Warrior, Military Ethics and ContemporaryWarfare: Achilles Goes Asymmetrical, by PaulineM. Kaurin

Pauline Kaurin is associate professor of philosophy at Pacific Lutheran University, specializing in the just war tradition and military ethics. For this volume, Kaurin developed her research during time at the U.S. Naval Academy and U.S. Military Academy and in dialogue with academic colleagues in the International Society for Military Ethics

The power of silence for learning, artistic expression and mindfulness

This editorial introduces a special issue exploring silence not just as absence, but as a vibrant and multifaceted phenomenon across educational, artistic, and therapeutic contexts. The eight articles examine how different forms of silence—physical, reflective, and creative—can serve as transformative tools in various fields. The contributors investigate silence's capacity to foster deep learning, artistic innovation, and personal growth, while acknowledging its complexity and potential in contemporary settings. The collection demonstrates how intentional silence creates spaces for authentic engagement and meaning-making, particularly valuable as a counterbalance to our increasingly noise-filled world. Through diverse theoretical perspectives and methodological approaches, the articles reveal silence's capacity to enhance learning environments and creative practices. While identifying critical areas for future research, this special issue positions silence as an active, dynamic force, opening new possibilities for education, artistic expression, and therapeutic practice