Opening up the innovation system framework towards new actors and institutions

The paper revisits the established framework of the national and regional innovation system (NIS/RIS) in the light of recent insights from innovation research in order to increase its capacity for generating meaningful insights for policy makers and other actors wishing to influence innovation capacity of nations, regions or sectors. We review six research strands that challenge the classical NIS/RIS framework by pointing to a wider range of actors, institutions and innovation modes relevant for the innovation landscape: User innovation, social innovation, collaborative innovation, new innovation intermediaries, venture philanthropy, social and relational capital and non-R&D intensive industries. We find that each of these phenomena points to relevant contributions to national or regional innovation capacities that are not well captured by the established NIS/RIS framework. While some aspects could easily be integrated by adding some "arrows and boxes" in the graphics usually used for representing the framework, we find that several phenomena point to the need for a more fundamental revision of the innovation system framework. In particular it emerges that a distinctive assignment of actors to functions in the innovation process is no longer possible. Given, for example, the research insights on user innovation, social innovation and collaborative innovation, societal actors can no longer be assigned to the role of "demand articulation". Rather they actively contribute or sometimes even take over the generation of knowledge and innovation ideas as well as other functions such as financing, e.g. through crowdfunding activities. The broadened view on innovation also requires a wider understanding of the infrastructures and frameworks forming the enabling basis for innovation activities. Social and relational capital for instance that is deeply embedded in the cultural context of a region becomes a key enabler for trustful interactions of the diverse innovation actors such as low R&D intense firms that make huge contributions to innovation and employment but generate their knowledge through interaction with customers. The growing recognition of the economic and social relevance of collaborative and social innovation implies that collaboration platforms become as relevant infrastructures as classical technology transfer schemes. Finally the broadened view on innovation points to a wide range of intermediaries that form the backbone of an innovation system without necessarily seeing innovation as their primary purpose. As a consequence of these insights we suggest a revised innovation system framework. This system captures three types of contributions: Innovation supply and demand, innovation influx and innovation framework. Actors that may provide relevant contributions in one of these domains are grouped in open clouds, emphasizing the fluidity between functions and actors. We hope that this framework will allow for a more meaningful analysis of the innovation capacity of specific NIS/RIS systems

The effects of biofilter on the removal of greenhouse gases at anaerobic digestion plants

This study investigated the removal of gases such as methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O) and ammonia (NH3) from biofilters in nine anaerobic digestion plants in Germany that treat biowaste. The treatment is in form of mechanical pre-treatment, anaerobic digestion followed by a composting with or without intensive aeration. The exhaust gases from the mechanical and anaerobic steps are treated by biofilters. In average, the biofilters removed 30% of total organic carbon (TOC), 50% of non-methane volatile organic carbon (NMVOC) and 51% NH3, whereas N2O concentrations increased by 26%. For CH4 the biofilters had only a small removal effect (6%). Nghiên cứu khảo sát sự loại bỏ những khí gây hiệu ứng nhà kính như CH4, N2O và NH3 từ những bể lọc khí sinh học ở chín nhà máy xử lý rác thải hữu cơ ở nước Đức bằng các biện pháp kỵ khí và hiếu khí. Rác hữu cơ được xử lý ở nhà máy thông qua các biện pháp như tiền xử lý bằng cơ học, kỵ khí và tiếp theo là hiếu khí với công nghệ thổi khí chủ động hoặc không thổi khí chủ động. Khí thải từ các quá trình cơ học và kỵ khí được xử lý bằng biện pháp lọc khí sinh học trước khi thải ra môi trường. Trung bình, những bể lọc khí sinh học loại bỏ 30% tổng lượng carbon hữu cơ, 50% những chất carbon hữu cơ bay hơi nhưng không phải khí methane và 51% khí ammoniac. Trong khi đó, nồng độ khí N2O tăng lên 26% sau khi qua bể lọc khí sinh học. Đối với khí methane, bể lọc khí sinh học có hiệu suất loại bỏ với loại khí này rất thấp chỉ 6%

Методи оцінки ризиків в інформаційній системі аналізу екологічного стану басейну малої ріки

В інформаційній системі аналізу стану басейну малої ріки запропоновано методи оцінки ризиків на основі імовірнісних та статистичних оцінок, формалізації моделі гри з природою, прогнозування процесів підтоплення земель з використанням ланцюгів Маркова, розглянуто багато критеріальні моделі ризиків.In informational and analytical system of the small rivers’ ecological condition estimation the methods of risks modelling on the basis of likelihood and statistical estimations, formalization of models of game with nature, risk modelling and forecasting processes flooded lands using Markov chains are offered, multicriteria models of risks are considered

Der Einfluss der Expertise auf das Antwortverhalten in Delphi-Studien: ein Hypothesentest

'Basierend auf den Ergebnissen von Delphi'98, einer Delphi-Studie zur globalen Entwicklung von Wissenschaft und Technik im Auftrag des Bundesministeriums für Bildung und Forschung (BMBF), wurde der Einfluss der Expertise der beteiligten Experten auf das Antwortverhalten getestet. Eine erste Hypothese, dass Experten mit geringem Expertenwissen mit geringerer Wahrscheinlichkeit an der zweiten Befragungsrunde teilnehmen, konnte für die Mehrheit der zwölf Technikfelder bestätigt werden. Auf Basis der individuellen Einschätzungen der möglichen Realisierungszeiträume von über 1.000 zur Diskussion gestellten Thesen im Delphi'98 wurde eine Reihe weiterer Hypothesen getestet. Für die Bewertung und Weiterentwicklung der Delphi-Methode besonders interessant ist die weit gehende Bestätigung der Hypothese, dass bei höherer Expertise die Experten weniger bereit sind, sich der Durchschnittsmeinung anzuschließen, und damit den Konvergenzprozess nicht unterstützen. Diesem Zusammenhang muss sowohl bei der Durchführung von Delphi-Untersuchungen als auch bei der Analyse der Ergebnisse Rechnung getragen werden.' (Autorenreferat)'The second wave of a Delphi study on the global development of science and technology (Delphi '98) commissioned by the German Federal Ministry of Education, Research, Science and Technology (BMBF) was used to investigate relationships between the level of expertise and response and non-response behaviours. For the majority of the 12 technological fields covered in the study, the level of expertise correlates positively with participation in the second wave of the Delphi panel. Respondents' assessments of the expected realisation time frame for more than 1,000 topics were used to investigate a number of hypotheses. Our findings support the hypothesis that the greater their expertise, the less likely respondents are to agree with the average assessment of a topic. Such experts therefore do not support the process of convergence. This relationship has to be taken into account in the conduct of Delphi studies and the analysis of the results.' (author's abstract)

Ermittlung und Evaluation von Zukunftsoptionen für Future Food und Identifizierung von F&E Bedarf

In der Agrar und Nahrungsmittelindustrie (Agro Food) kommen viele zentrale Herausforderungen unserer Zeit zusammen Daher arbeiten politische Entscheidungsträger innen Forscher innen und Praktiker innen intensiv an einem fundamentalen Systemwandel, bei dem Innovation eine wesentliche Rolle spielt Trotz guter Absichten wird der nachhaltige Einfluss von F&E auf Transformation durch unvorhergesehene Konsequenzen, Systemdynamiken und komplexitäten gefährdet (Mao et al 2020 Ein möglicher Forschungsansatz, um sich diesen Herausforderungen zu stellen, ist Foresight Es ist jedoch schwierig, die Komplexität von Transformationsprozessen in Foresight Aktivitäten zu reflektieren Dadurch bleiben Interdependenzen zwischen technologischem und sozialem Wandel häufig unbeachtet Wir adressieren diese Lücke mit Hilfe eines Foresight Prozesses, der die Wünschbarkeit zukünftiger Future Food Optionen für eine nachhaltige Agro Food Systemtransformation in Deutschland zur Diskussion stellt, und die Zukunftsoptionen vor dem Hintergrund von Systemkomplexität und interdependenzen während sozio technologischer Veränderungen neu bewerte

A systematic review on the role of vitamins, minerals, proteins, and other supplements for the treatment of cachexia in cancer: a European Palliative Care Research Centre cachexia project

We provide a systematic review to support the European Palliative Care Research Collaboration development of clinical guidelines for cancer patients suffering from cachexia. CENTRAL, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, ClinicalTrials.gov, and a selection of cancer journals have been searched up until 15 April 2016. The systematic literature research yielded 4214 publications with 21 of these included in the final evaluation. Regarding minerals, our search identified only one study examining the use of magnesium with no effect on weight loss. As far as vitamins are concerned, vitamin E in combination with omega-3 fatty acids displayed an effect on survival in a single study, vitamin D showed improvement of muscle weakness in prostate cancer patients, and vitamin C supplementation led to an improvement of various quality of life aspects in a sample with a variety of cancer diagnoses. For proteins, a combination therapy of β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate (HMB), arginine, and glutamine showed an increase in lean body mass after 4 weeks in a study of advanced solid tumour patients, whereas the same combination did not show a benefit on lean body mass in a large sample of advanced lung and other cancer patients after 8 weeks. L-carnitine led to an increase of body mass index and an increase in overall survival in advanced pancreatic cancer patients. Adverse effects of food supplementation were rare and showed mild intensity. There is not enough solid evidence for the use of minerals, vitamins, proteins, or other supplements in cancer. No serious adverse effects have been reported with dietary supplementation.publishedVersion© 2016 The Authors. Journal of Cachexia, Sarcopenia and Muscle published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society on Sarcopenia, Cachexia and Wasting Disorders This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non-commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made

Upaya Meningkatkan Hasil Belajar Matematika Materi Penjumlahan di Kelas V MI Muhammadiyah Sipedang Kecamatan Banjarmangu Kabupaten Banjarnegara dengan Menggunakan Metode The Power of Two

Skripsi ini dilatarbelakangi oleh pembelajaran matematika di Kelas V MI Muhammadiyah Sipedang Kecmatan Banjarmangu Kabupaten Banjar Negara dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode konvensional dengan ceramah, tanya jawab dan resitasi yang tentunya menjadikan siswa tidak mengalami pembelajarannya langsung dan mempersulit siswa dalam memahami materi matematika, Untuk itu, sebagai tenaga pendidik harus bisa mengurangi dan menghilangkan persepsi yang salah tersebut, dengan cara memilih metode pembelajaran yang lebih bervariasi dan tepat, Salah satu metode pembelajaran yang memenuhi kriteria adalah metode the power of two. Studi ini dimaksudkan untuk menjawab permasalahan: 1) bagaimana penerapan metode the power of two pada mata pelajaran matematika materi penjumlahan di kelas V MI Muhammadiyah Sipedang Kecmatan Banjarmangu Kabupaten Banjar negara? 2) apakah metode the power of two dapat meningkatkan hasil belajar matematika materi penjumlahan di kelas V MI Muhammadiyah Sipedang Kecmatan Banjarmangu Kabupaten Banjar negara? Permasalahan tersebut di bahas melalui penelitian tindakan kelas yang dilakukan melalui 2 siklus dengan setiap siklus tahapannya adalah perencanaan, tindakan, observasi dan refleksi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa 1) Penerapan metode the power of two pada mata pelajaran matematika materi penjumlahan di kelas V MI Muhammadiyah Sipedang Kecamatan Banjarmangu Kabupaten Banjar negara dilakukan dengan melaksanakan pembelajaran yang memanfaatkan kekuatan dua siswa atau berpasangan untuk menyelesaikan masalah yang diberikan guru, selain itu pasangan tersebut juga mencoba menjawab pertanyaan dari pasangan lain sehingga terjadilah proses saling ketergantungan positif diantara pasangan. 2) Metode the power of two dapat mengurangi kesulitan belajar matematika materi penjumlahan di kelas V MI Muhammadiyah Sipedang Kecamatan Banjarmangu Kabupaten Banjar negara, hal ini terlihat dari hasil belajar yang di dapat siswa setelah melakukan tindakan dimana pada pra siklus ketuntasan ada 15 siswa atau 47%, pada siklus I ketuntasan ada 21 siswa atau 66% dan pada siklus II ketuntasan sudah mencapai 28 siswa atau 88%, begitu juga keaktifan belajar siswa juga mengalami kenaikan dimana pada siklus I ada 15 siswa atau 47 dan pada siklus II sudah mencapai 27 siswa atau 84