Pluriel interne et système morphologique du nombre en français

L’hypothèse guillaumienne d’un pluriel externe et d’un pluriel interne fait se côtoyer dans cette dernière catégorie le duel des langues anciennes et des faits très variés du français moderne. La consultation de sources secondaires (Meillet) m’amène à contester la nécessité du lien duel/pluriel interne et l’examen des données m’amène à rejeter l’amalgame de faits français hétérogènes. Seuls les pluriels doubles (oeil/oeils/yeux) semblent proposer une véritable opposition morphologique qui révèle à l’analyse une constante de sens. Mais faut-il en conclure que la morphologie du français connaît trois nombres?The guillaumien hypothesis of an external plural and of an internal plural tends to approximate, in this last category, the dual of ancient languages to the varied facts of modern french. The consultation of secondary sources (Meillet) leads me to contest the necessity of the internal dual/plural link, and the investigation of data leads me to a rejection of heterogeneous amalgame of french facts. Only the double plurals (oeil, oeils/yeux) seem to propose a truly morphological opposition revealing, upon analysis, constancy of meaning. Must we conclude that french morphology recognizes three numbers

The in vitro effects of resistin on the innate immune signaling pathway in isolated human subcutaneous adipocytes

Context: Obesity-associated inflammation is a contributory factor in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM); the mechanisms underlying the progression to T2DM are unclear. The adipokine resistin has demonstrated pro-inflammatory properties in relation to obesity and T2DM. Objective: To characterize resistin expression in human obesity and address the role of resistin in the innate immune pathway. Furthermore, examine the influence of lipopolysaccharide, recombinant human resistin (rhResistin), insulin and rosiglitazone in human adipocytes. Finally, analyze the effect of rhResistin on the expression of components of the NF-κB pathway and insulin signaling cascade. Methods: Abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue was obtained from patients undergoing elective liposuction surgery (n = 35, aged: 36-49 yr; BMI: 26.5 ± 5.9 kg/m2). Isolated adipocytes were cultured with rhResistin (10-50 ng/ml). The level of cytokine secretion from isolated adipocytes was examined by ELISA. The effect of rhResistin on protein expression of components of the innate immune pathway was examined by Western blot. Results: In-vitro studies demonstrated that antigenic stimuli increase resistin secretion (P < 0.001) from isolated adipocytes. Pro-inflammatory cytokine levels were increased in response to rhResistin (P < 0.001); this was attenuated by rosiglitazone (P < 0.01). When examining components of the innate immune pathway, rhResistin stimulated Toll-like receptor-2 protein expression. Similarly, mediators of the insulin signaling pathway, phosphospecific JNK1 and JNK2, were upregulated in response to rhResistin. Conclusion: Resistin may participate in more than one mechanism to influence pro-inflammatory cytokine release from human adipocytes; potentially via the integration of NF-κB and JNK signaling pathways

Nom propre et article

L'analyse des rapports entre nom propre et article emprunte ici à la systématique du langage sans être pour autant psychomécanique car il n'est fait aucun recours au temps opératif. Dans le syntagme nominal, si le substantif identifie le référent par classement conceptuel, l'article le symbolise en indiquant une relation à ce G. Guillaume a appelé "le fond de tableau" et que l'on tente ici de préciser? L'examen des cas d'absence de l'article montre l'hétérogénéité du comportement du nom propre dans lequel interfèrent différents facteurs. Cette complexité justifie que l'on propose, plutôt qu'une théorie, un recensement de faits et leur interprétation. On examine de la sorte, successivement, les phénomènes d'agglutination de l'article ; l'absence de représentation mentale d'une classe d'êtres dans l'usage du nom propre et sa validité explicative pour l'absence d'article ; l'unicité du nom propre souvent invoquée comme explication. Ce parcours permet de dresser l'inventaire des figures du nom propre et de l'article en traitant de manière spécifique le cas des toponymes. On examine enfin les problèmes liés à la préposition

Nom propre et article

L'analyse des rapports entre nom propre et article emprunte ici à la systématique du langage sans être pour autant psychomécanique car il n'est fait aucun recours au temps opératif. Dans le syntagme nominal, si le substantif identifie le référent par classement conceptuel, l'article le symbolise en indiquant une relation à ce G. Guillaume a appelé "le fond de tableau" et que l'on tente ici de préciser? L'examen des cas d'absence de l'article montre l'hétérogénéité du comportement du nom propre dans lequel interfèrent différents facteurs. Cette complexité justifie que l'on propose, plutôt qu'une théorie, un recensement de faits et leur interprétation. On examine de la sorte, successivement, les phénomènes d'agglutination de l'article ; l'absence de représentation mentale d'une classe d'êtres dans l'usage du nom propre et sa validité explicative pour l'absence d'article ; l'unicité du nom propre souvent invoquée comme explication. Ce parcours permet de dresser l'inventaire des figures du nom propre et de l'article en traitant de manière spécifique le cas des toponymes. On examine enfin les problèmes liés à la préposition

L'absence de sujet in praesentia des verbes de 3e personne

Non

mRNA concentrations of MIF in subcutaneous abdominal adipose cells are associated with adipocyte size and insulin action

Objective To determine whether the mRNA concentrations of inflammation response genes in isolated adipocytes and in cultured preadipocytes are related to adipocyte size and in vivo insulin action in obese individuals. Design Cross-sectional inpatient study. Subjects Obese Pima Indians with normal glucose tolerance. Measurements Adipocyte diameter (by microscope technique; n=29), expression of candidate genes (by quantitative real-time PCR) in freshly isolated adipocytes (monocyte chemoattractant protein [MCP] 1 and MCP2, macrophage inflammatory protein [MIP] 1α, MIP1β and MIP2, macrophage migration inhibitory factor [MIF], tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin [IL] 6 and IL8; n=22) and cultured preadipocytes (MCP1, MIP1α, MIF, IL6 and matrix metalloproteinase 2; n=33) from subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue (by aspiration biopsy, n=34), body fat by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, glucose tolerance by 75-gram oral glucose tolerance test, and insulin action by euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp (insulin infusion rate 40 mU/m2.min)(all n=34). Results MIF was the only gene whose expression in both freshly isolated adipocytes and cultured preadipocytes was positively associated with adipocytes diameter and negatively associated with peripheral and hepatic insulin action (all P<0.05). In multivariate analysis, the association between adipocyte MIF mRNA concentrations and adipocytes diameter was independent of percent body fat (P=0.03), whereas adipocyte MIF mRNA concentrations but not adipocytes diameter independently predicted peripheral insulin action. The mRNA expression concentrations of MIF gene in adipocytes were not associated with plasma concentrations of MIF, but were negatively associated with plasma adiponectin concentrations (P=0.004). In multivariate analysis, adipocyte MIF RNA concentrations (P=0.03) but not plasma adiponectin concentrations (P=0.4) remained a significant predictor of insulin action. Conclusions Increased expression of MIF gene in adipose cells may be an important link between obesity characterized by enlarged adipocytes and insulin resistance in normal glucose tolerant people

Adipose Tissue Endothelial Cells From Obese Human Subjects: Differences Among Depots in Angiogenic, Metabolic, and Inflammatory Gene Expression and Cellular Senescence

International audienceOBJECTIVE: Regional differences among adipose depots in capacities for fatty acid storage, susceptibility to hypoxia, and inflammation likely contribute to complications of obesity. We defined the properties of endothelial cells (EC) isolated from subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) and visceral adipose tissue (VAT) biopsied in parallel from obese subjects. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: The architecture and properties of the fat tissue capillary network were analyzed using immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry. CD34(+)/CD31(+) EC were isolated by immunoselection/depletion. Expression of chemokines, adhesion molecules, angiogenic factor receptors, as well as lipogenic and senescence-related genes were assayed by real-time PCR. Fat cell size and expression of hypoxia-dependent genes were determined in adipocytes from both fat depots. RESULTS: Hypoxia-related genes were more highly expressed in VAT than SAT adipocytes. VAT adipocytes were smaller than SAT adipocytes. Vascular density and EC abundance were higher in VAT. VAT-EC exhibited a marked angiogenic and inflammatory state with decreased expression of metabolism-related genes, including endothelial lipase, GPIHBP1, and PPAR gamma. VAT-EC had enhanced expression of the cellular senescence markers, IGFBP3 and γ-H2AX, and decreased expression of SIRT1. Exposure to VAT adipocytes caused more EC senescence-associated β-galactosidase activity than SAT adipocytes, an effect reduced in the presence of vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) neutralizing antibodies. CONCLUSIONS: VAT-EC exhibit a more marked angiogenic and proinflammatory state than SAT-EC. This phenotype may be related to premature EC senescence. VAT-EC may contribute to hypoxia and inflammation in VAT

Pro-Inflammatory CD11c+CD206+ Adipose Tissue Macrophages Are Associated With Insulin Resistance in Human Obesity

OBJECTIVE: Insulin resistance and other features of the metabolic syndrome have been causally linked to adipose tissue macrophages (ATMs) in mice with diet-induced obesity. We aimed to characterize macrophage phenotype and function in human subcutaneous and omental adipose tissue in relation to insulin resistance in obesity. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Adipose tissue was obtained from lean and obese women undergoing bariatric surgery. Metabolic markers were measured in fasting serum and ATMs characterized by immunohistology, flow cytometry, and tissue culture studies. RESULTS ATMs comprised CD11c(+)CD206(+) cells in "crown" aggregates and solitary CD11c(-)CD206(+) cells at adipocyte junctions. In obese women, CD11c(+) ATM density was greater in subcutaneous than omental adipose tissue and correlated with markers of insulin resistance. CD11c(+) ATMs were distinguished by high expression of integrins and antigen presentation molecules; interleukin (IL)-1beta, -6, -8, and -10; tumor necrosis factor-alpha; and CC chemokine ligand-3, indicative of an activated, proinflammatory state. In addition, CD11c(+) ATMs were enriched for mitochondria and for RNA transcripts encoding mitochondrial, proteasomal, and lysosomal proteins, fatty acid metabolism enzymes, and T-cell chemoattractants, whereas CD11c(-) ATMs were enriched for transcripts involved in tissue maintenance and repair. Tissue culture medium conditioned by CD11c(+) ATMs, but not CD11c(-) ATMs or other stromovascular cells, impaired insulin-stimulated glucose uptake by human adipocytes. CONCLUSIONS: These findings identify proinflammatory CD11c(+) ATMs as markers of insulin resistance in human obesity. In addition, the machinery of CD11c(+) ATMs indicates they metabolize lipid and may initiate adaptive immune responses