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Gedung Gereja Sebagai Ruang Suci Dalam Pandangan Santri Pesantren Luhur Al-Husna, Surabaya, Jawa Timur

Tempat peribadatan merupakan aspek penting dalam melakukan ritual peribadatan. Gereja sebagai tempat peribadatan umat Kristiani, bertambah makna menjadi tempat terjalinnya toleransi umat beragama. Melalui relasi yang terjalin antara Pesantren Luhur Al – Husna dengan gereja memunculkan perspektif baru untuk mengembangkan toleransi umat beragama. Dengan relasi tersebut memunculkan pandangan santri mengenai Gereja sebagai ruang suci. Teori yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah Teori Ruang Henri Lefebvre dan Ruang Sakral Shampa Mazumdar. Metode penelitian dalam penelitian ini adalah kualitatif deskriptif dengan disesuaikan fenomena tertentu. Hasil penelitian menjelaskan pandangan para santri menyatakan bahwa Gereja menjadi ruang sakral di tengah-tengah masyarakat, dengan menghasilkan umat yang mampu menerima keberagaman serta menciptakan kerukunan dalam tempat peribadatan. Sehingga para santri tetap merasakan hubungan spiritual maupun hubungan emosional ketika berada dalam lingkup gereja

K harakteristike psammofitnoj rastitel`nosti urocisa Manhan-Elysu (Zapadnoe-Zabajkal`e)

The characteristics of sandy complex vegetation in Mankhan-Elysu located in Western Transbaikalya was presented. The existing parabolic dunes are nowadays intensively blown by the influence of north-easterly winds and function alongside pine taiga with grass undergrowth. The vegetation of poorly fixed dunes pro-duces psammosteppe communities, characterized by different stages of succession. Flora of these identity communities is very original. In her composition, the significant coenotic role is played by relict steppes and deserts of Inner Asia: Carex sabulosa Turcz. ex Kunth, Oxytropis lanata (Pall.) DC, Artemisia ledebouriana Bess, Hedysarum fruticosum Pall; except the endemic Bromopsis korotkiji (Drobow) Holub. Analysis of psammosteppe communities indicates their homogeneity, both in terms of structure and species composition. To compare phytocoenotic diversity, ecological scales of vegetation was applied. It allowed the distinction of two associations of vegetation: 1. Leymus racemosus ssp. crassinervius + Artemisia ledebouriana and 2. Oxytropis lanata – Agropyron michnoi. Coenoflora of psammophyte steppes in Mankhan-Elysu consist of 24 species of higher vascular plants. They consist of mountain ecology spiecies and psammofilous steppes (upon 60%). Very low shares consist of forest-steppe species (24%). Meadow-forest species are represented by Equisetum arvense, Pinus sylvestris, Salix microstachya (13%). Generally sandy complex Mankhan-Elysu is the unique refuge of relicts arid landscapes of Selenga river basin

Roślinność wodna i bagienna Jeziora Czarnego w sąsiedztwie Manchan-Ełysu (Zachodnie Zabajkale)

This article discusses geological structure, landform and climatic conditions of the study area. The main parameters of the Chernoye Lake were discussed also. Based on phytoso-ciological analyzes, 10 plant associations have been identified in the litoral zone of this small reservoir: the aquatic com-munity – Potametum perfoliati, aquatic-wetland rushes Phragmitetum communis, Caricetum rostratae, Typhetum laxmannii, Scirpetum radicantis, Eleocharitetum palustris and Eleocharitetum sareptanae prov. and wetland therophyte communities – Senecionetum congesti, Bidentetum tripartitae and Beckmannio syzigachnes-Persicarietum hydropiperis prov. Two new plant communities, previously unknown for science, have been identified and described: Eleocharitetum sareptanae prov. and Beckmannio syzigachnes-Persicarietum hydropiperis prov. A new taxon for Buryatia was found here: Tephroseris palustris

Divergent effects of cerium oxide nanoparticles alone and in combination with cadmium on nutrient acquisition and the growth of maize (Zea mays)

IntroductionThe increasing use of cerium nanoparticles (CeO2-NPs) has made their influx in agroecosystems imminent through air and soil deposition or untreated wastewater irrigation. Another major pollutant associated with anthropogenic activities is Cd, which has adverse effects on plants, animals, and humans. The major source of the influx of Cd and Ce metals in the human food chain is contaminated food, making it an alarming issue; thus, there is a need to understand the factors that can reduce the potential damage of these heavy metals.MethodsThe present investigation was conducted to evaluate the effect of CeO2-10-nm-NPs and Cd (alone and in combination) on Zea mays growth. A pot experiment (in sand) was conducted to check the effect of 0, 200, 400, 600, 1,000, and 2,000 mg of CeO2-10 nm-NPs/kg-1 dry sand alone and in combination with 0 and 0.5 mg Cd/kg-1 dry sand on maize seedlings grown in a partially controlled greenhouse environment, making a total of 12 treatments applied in four replicates under a factorial design. Maize seedling biomass, shoot and root growth, nutrient content, and root anatomy were measured.Results and discussionThe NPs were toxic to plant biomass (shoot and root dry weight), and growth at 2,000 ppm was the most toxic in Cd-0 sets. For Cd-0.5 sets, NPs applied at 1,000 ppm somewhat reverted Cd toxicity compared with the contaminated control (CC). Additionally, CeO2-NPs affected Cd translocation, and variable Ce uptake was observed in the presence of Cd compared with non-Cd applied sets. Furthermore, CeO2-NPs partially controlled the elemental content of roots and shoots (micronutrients such as B, Mn, Ni, Cu, Zn, Mo, and Fe and the elements Co and Si) and affected root anatomy

Effects Of Cerium Oxide Nanoparticles In Cereals: Insights Into The Toxicity Mechanisms And Macromolecular Modifications

Despite the inundation of studies on the interaction of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) with plants, investigations involving complete life cycle (i.e from seedling establishment to full maturity) are still lacking. Assessments on the nutritional value of plants cultivated to full maturity in ENMs-treated soil are also missing. Cerium oxide nanoparticles (nCeO2) have significant interactions with plants; however, there are no life cycle studies yet on their implications in cereals like rice (Oryza sativa L.), wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). These cereals are globally important crops that support the economic activity, and nutritional and health needs of billions of people around the world. This research project was performed to determine the changes in the macromolecular and biochemical processes and their impacts on the physiological, yield, and nutritional properties in cereals. Experiments were completed in four parts: Parts I and II were conducted at germination stage and Parts III and IV included life cycle evaluations. Part I was devoted to rice seeds only. Rice seeds were germinated in nCeO2 suspensions (0, 62.5, 125, 250, 500 mg L-1) and biochemical assays, ICP-OES, GC-MS, and synchrotron micro-XRF analyses were performed on roots to measure the relationships between parameters like Ce uptake, oxidative stress, radical scavenging activities, and macromolecular contents. Results showed that Ce uptake increased as the external nCeO2 increased without visible signs of toxicity. The nCeO2 treatment (500 mg L-1) decreased the fatty acid contents which resulted in reduced membrane damage, and reduced the lignin content despite the parallel increase in H2O2 content and peroxidase activities. Synchrotron micro-XRF also revealed the presence of Ce in the vascular tissues of the roots. In Part II rice, wheat, and barley seeds were exposed to the same nCeO2 suspensions and the structural integrity of intact root xylem was analyzed using FTIR spectromicroscopy and principal component analysis (PCA). The PCA of FTIR spectra showed that nCeO2 induced modifications in the biomolecular compositions of root xylem. Part III involved cultivation of low, medium, and high amylose rice varieties (LA, MA, and HA, respectively) in nCeO2-treated soil (0 and 500 mg kg-1) and the grains were analyzed for nutrient content, antioxidant property, and nutritional quality. The nCeO2 treatment increased the accumulation of Ce in the grains of LA and MA by 997 and 1126%, respectively, compared to controls. The nCeO2 treatment did not affect the sugar content but decreased the starch content in HA and LA by 9 and 8%, respectively, compared to control, with concomitant reduction in the phenolic content and DPPH scavenging ability. In case of the protein fractions, glutelin was not detected in the treated grains. Relative to the untreated, globulin and prolamin decreased significantly in both treated MA and LA grains while albumin decreased in the treated LA grains only. On the other hand, the treated MA grains had dramatic reduction in lauric, valeric, palmitic, oleic, and total fatty acids contents. Similarly, the treated MA grains had improved K, Na, Fe, and Al contents compared to the untreated. In contrast, treated MA grains had reduced S content while treated LA grains had low Fe content. Part IV of this Dissertation research was accomplished by growing wheat and barley to grain production in soil amended with nCeO2 (0, 125, 250 and 500 mg kg-1) and the agronomic, yield, and nutritional properties were examined. The nCeO2 treatment promoted the growth and shoot biomass in both plants, but induced negative effects on yield parameters with wheat showing a more apparent delay in grain formation than barley. Despite the initial poor yield performance, grain yield in both nCeO2-exposed plants was greatly improved at harvest. However, the highest nCeO2 treatment completely halted the grain production in barley. Ce accumulation in wheat grains was not recorded but was tremendously enhanced in barley; Ce content in nCeO2-treated barley grains registered up to 294% increase relative to control. In case of mineral content, the nCeO2 treatment modified only the storage S and Mn in wheat grains but enhanced the accumulations of all elements, except for Na and B, in barley grains. Similarly, nCeO2 modified the amino acid and fatty acid contents in both wheat and barley grains. This study provided insights on several issues and knowledge gaps in the current literature. The result showed that nCeO2 impacted the growth and productivity of cereals which could entail adaptations of new planting and cultivation practices. nCeO2 could enhance Ce accumulation in grains and compromise their nutritional value which may have unknown implications on human health and nutrition. In general, the findings afforded a more comprehensive understanding on the impacts of nCeO2 on globally important agricultural crops

Cerium oxide nanoparticles transformation at the root–soil interface of barley ( Hordeum vulgare L.)

The transformation of cerium oxide nanoparticles (CeO2-NPs) in soil and its role in plant uptake is a critical knowledge gap in the literature. This study investigated the reduction and speciation of CeO2-NPs in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cultivated in soil amended with 250 mg CeO2-NPs kg-1 soil. Synchrotron micro-X-ray fluorescence (μXRF) was employed for spatial localization and speciation of CeO2-NPs in thin sections of intact roots at the soil-root interface. Results revealed that Ce was largely localized in soil and at the root surface in nanoparticulate form (84-89%). However, a few hot spots on root surfaces revealed highly significant reduction (55-98%) of CeO2-NPs [Ce(IV)] to Ce(III) species. Interestingly, only roots in close proximity to hot spots showed Ce uptake which was largely CeO2 (89-91%) with very little amount Ce(III) (9-10%). These results suggest that the reduction of CeO2-NPs to Ce(III) is needed to facilitate uptake of Ce