The importance of Gazprom for the Russian gas sector against the backdrop of changes in the Russian and global economy

The years 2014–2021 were a time of rapid changes in the Russian economy, resulting not only from its foreign and internal policy – introduced, i.a., in the pursuit of development – but also from the pandemic. This article presents the importance of the gas industry for the economy of the Russian Federation against the backdrop of those changes as well as the shifts that have been taking place in the world economy. An analysis of available literature and of the macroenvironment of Gazprom shows a clear decline in the relevance of the gas industry in recent years brought about by sanctions, the pandemic, and increased competition.The years 2014–2021 were a time of rapid changes in the Russian economy, resulting not only from its foreign and internal policy – introduced, i.a., in the pursuit of development – but also from the pandemic. This article presents the importance of the gas industry for the economy of the Russian Federation against the backdrop of those changes as well as the shifts that have been taking place in the world economy. An analysis of available literature and of the macroenvironment of Gazprom shows a clear decline in the relevance of the gas industry in recent years brought about by sanctions, the pandemic, and increased competition

Can Time Spent on Social Media Affect Thin-Ideal Internalisation, Objectified Body Consciousness and Exercise Motivation in Women?

The primary aim of this study was to investigate the effect of exposure to social media on ideal body image, awareness of one’s body and motivation to exercise. Participants completed a measure of Facebook, Instagram and Pinterest use, after which they proceeded to complete measures of thin-ideal internalisation, exercise motivation and objectified body consciousness. One hundred female students at a UK university, aged between 18 and 52 years, completed the measures described, with age weight and height used as covariates. Multivariate analysis of covariance revealed that time spent on social media was related to levels of thin-ideal internalisation, objectified body consciousness and motivation to exercise. Exposure to social media has negative effects on female’s perceptions of their ideal beauty and their own body as well as on motivation to engage in exercise

Nowe perspektywy rozwoju w rosyjsko-chińskich relacjach gospodarczych

After the incidents in 2014, sanctions proved to be an important impulse to cool the relations between Russia and the West. This paper relates to new perspectives in economic relations between Russia and China. The following were explained: the dynamics of trade in raw materials and non-energy products as well as actions taken by the Russian and Chinese authorities to improve the processes taking place in cooperation between these two countries in the years 2016 and 2017.After the incidents in 2014, sanctions proved to be an important impulse to cool the relations between Russia and the West. This paper relates to new perspectives in economic relations between Russia and China. The following were explained: the dynamics of trade in raw materials and non-energy products as well as actions taken by the Russian and Chinese authorities to improve the processes taking place in cooperation between these two countries in the years 2016 and 2017

In Search of Species-Specific SNPs in a Non-Model Animal (European Bison (Bison bonasus))—Comparison of De Novo and Reference-Based Integrated Pipeline of STACKS Using Genotyping-by-Sequencing (GBS) Data

SIMPLE SUMMARY: The European bison is a dramatically low-diversified species, commonly analyzed using cattle-dedicated tools. Our aim was to compare two genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) pipelines: de novo and reference pipeline, using the STACKS software and to reveal the maximum possible number of species-specific SNPs for our further project on European bison health. Therefore, we compared two genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) pipelines: de novo (non-reference based) and a reference-based, using the STACKS software. We found a higher number of polymorphic loci from the reference pipeline in comparison to the de novo one. Next, we compared the results of the reference pipeline for the draft genome of European bison and completely annotated the Bos taurus genome. Higher numbers of polymorphic loci were revealed in European bison than in Bos taurus through the reference pipeline. We observed a possible effect of PCR duplicates on GBS data, as previously reported with the RADSeq approach. We recommend using a reference pipeline without PCR duplicates as a more efficient tool for species with low genetic diversity. ABSTRACT: The European bison is a non-model organism; thus, most of its genetic and genomic analyses have been performed using cattle-specific resources, such as BovineSNP50 BeadChip or Illumina Bovine 800 K HD Bead Chip. The problem with non-specific tools is the potential loss of evolutionary diversified information (ascertainment bias) and species-specific markers. Here, we have used a genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) approach for genotyping 256 samples from the European bison population in Bialowieza Forest (Poland) and performed an analysis using two integrated pipelines of the STACKS software: one is de novo (without reference genome) and the other is a reference pipeline (with reference genome). Moreover, we used a reference pipeline with two different genomes, i.e., Bos taurus and European bison. Genotyping by sequencing (GBS) is a useful tool for SNP genotyping in non-model organisms due to its cost effectiveness. Our results support GBS with a reference pipeline without PCR duplicates as a powerful approach for studying the population structure and genotyping data of non-model organisms. We found more polymorphic markers in the reference pipeline in comparison to the de novo pipeline. The decreased number of SNPs from the de novo pipeline could be due to the extremely low level of heterozygosity in European bison. It has been confirmed that all the de novo/Bos taurus and Bos taurus reference pipeline obtained SNPs were unique and not included in 800 K BovineHD BeadChip

Charakterystyka i sposoby przeciwdziałania migracji intelektualnej we współczesnej Rosji

The article aims to explain the problem of intellectual migration and the problem of brain drain in the Russian Federation. In the article attempts to find solutions to reduce this phenomenon. The whole paper was divided into four parts. In the first of them the essence of intellectual migrations was explained and divided and classified. The second part of the article is devoted to the history of intellectual migrations in the USSR, with particular emphasis on the causes of emigration. The activities of the government of the Russian Federation to counteract the brain drain are now described, followed by the characterization of contemporary intellectual migration in Russia in the years 2000-2017. The statistics of the Rosstat database were used for this characteristic. At the end, the directions that Russia should follow to minimize the outflow of highly qualified personnel from the country.Artykuł ma na celu wyjaśnienie problemu integracji intelektualnej, czy inaczej mówiąc: problemu drenażu mózgów w Federacji Rosyjskiej. W artykule podjęto próbę znalezienia rozwiązań dla zmniejszenia tego zjawiska. Całość referatu podzielono na cztery części. W pierwszej z nich wyjaśniono istotę migracji intelektualnych oraz podzielono ją i sklasyfikowano. Drugą część artykułu poświęcono historii migracji intelektualnych w ZSRR ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem przyczyn emigracji. Dalej opisano działalność rządu Federacji Rosyjskiej na rzecz przeciwdziałania drenażowi mózgów obecnie, a następnie scharakteryzowano współczesną migrację intelektualną w Rosji w latach 2000-2017. Do tej charakterystyki użyto analizy danych statystycznych bazy Rosstatu. Na koniec zawarto kierunki jakimi powinna podążać Rosja, aby minimalizować odpływ kadry wysoko wykwalifikowanej z kraju

Prawo konkurencji a projekt rozporządzenia w sprawie kontestowalnych i uczciwych rynków w sektorze cyfrowym – kto przypilnuje strażników?

Artykuł dotyczy projektu rozporządzenia w sprawie kontestowalnych i uczciwych rynków w sektorze cyfrowym (akt o rynkach cyfrowych) (Digital Markets Act) – propozycji legislacyjnej Komisji Europejskiej zmierzającej do zapewnienia kontestowalnych i uczciwych rynków w sektorze cyfrowym. Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie proponowanych uregulowań oraz ich wpływu na prawo ochrony konkurencji. Artykuł zawiera wstępną analizę relacji projektowanych przepisów i regulacji dotyczących nadużycia pozycji dominującej, a także rozważania dotyczące optymalnego modelu egzekwowania rozporządzenia

North-south differentiation and a region of high diversity in European wolves (Canis lupus)

European wolves (Canis lupus) show population genetic structure in the absence of geographic barriers, and across relatively short distances for this highly mobile species. Additional information on the location of and divergence between population clusters is required, particularly because wolves are currently recolonizing parts of Europe. We evaluated genetic structure in 177 wolves from 11 countries using over 67K single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) loci. The results supported previous findings of an isolated Italian population with lower genetic diversity than that observed across other areas of Europe. Wolves from the remaining countries were primarily structured in a north-south axis, with Croatia, Bulgaria, and Greece (Dinaric-Balkan) differentiated from northcentral wolves that included individuals from Finland, Latvia, Belarus, Poland and Russia. Carpathian Mountain wolves in central Europe had genotypes intermediate between those identified in northcentral Europe and the Dinaric-Balkan cluster. Overall, individual genotypes from northcentral Europe suggested high levels of admixture. We observed high diversity within Belarus, with wolves from western and northern Belarus representing the two most differentiated groups within northcentral Europe. Our results support the presence of at least three major clusters (Italy, Carpathians, Dinaric-Balkan) in southern and central Europe. Individuals from Croatia also appeared differentiated from wolves in Greece and Bulgaria. Expansion from glacial refugia, adaptation to local environments, and human-related factors such as landscape fragmentation and frequent killing of wolves in some areas may have contributed to the observed patterns. Our findings can help inform conservation management of these apex predators and the ecosystems of which they are part

Export and import activity of the voivodeships in Poland in the context of the spatial concentration measured by the indicator of diversification

Cel – Celem artykułu jest dokonanie diagnozy aktywności eksportowej i importowej polskich województw przez pryzmat koncentracji przestrzennej oraz zbadanie, czy wskaźnik dywersyfikacji importu jest taki sam jak wskaźnik dywersyfikacji eksportu, a także czy wskaźnik dywersyfikacji traci swoją wartość metodologiczną w określaniu aktywności zarówno eksportowej, jak i importowej polskich województw na skutek trudności w przypisaniu strumieni handlu do konkretnego województwa. Metoda badań – W artykule zawarto analizę opartą na przeglądzie literatury przedmiotu oraz obliczenia dotyczące koncentracji przestrzennej eksportu i importu polskich województw za pomocą wskaźnika dywersyfikacji. W artykule zastosowano metodę badań opisowych oraz wyjaśniających. Wnioski – Przedstawienie udziału poszczególnych województw w eksporcie i imporcie Polski oraz zakresu koncentracji przestrzennej mierzonej wskaźnikiem dywersyfikacji w latach 1994–2019. Oryginalność / wartość / implikacje / rekomendacje – Zakres koncentracji przestrzennej eksportu i importu wyrażony wskaźnikiem dywersyfikacji w analizowanym okresie 1994–2019 nie ulegał znaczącym zmianom, a liczba województw odpowiadająca za minimum 75% polskiego eksportu była nieco wyższa niż w przypadku importu. Jednocześnie z roku na rok wzrasta znaczenie kategorii „województwo niesklasyfikowane” – prawie 1/4 polskiego eksportu oraz blisko 1/5 importu nie jest przypisana do żadnego województwa, co implikuje spadek znaczenia wartości metodologicznej wskaźnika dywersyfikacji.Purpose – The aim of the article is to diagnose the export and import activity of Polish voivodships through the prism of spatial concentration, and to investigate whether the import diversification index is the same as the export diversification index, and whether the diversification index loses its methodological value in determining both export and import activity of Polish voivodships due to the difficulties in assigning trade flows to a specific voivodeship. Reseach method – The article contains an analysis based on a review of the literature and calculations regarding the spatial concentration of exports and imports of Polish voivodships using the diversification index. The article uses the method of descriptive and explanatory research. Results – Presentation of the share of voivodeships in Poland’s export and import and the scope of spatial concentration measured by the diversification index in 1994–2019. Originality / value / implications / recommendations – The scope of spatial concentration of exports and imports expressed by the diversification index, in the analyzed period 1994–2019, did not change significantly, and the number of voivodships responsible for at least 75% of Polish exports was slightly higher than in the case of imports. At the same time, the importance of the ‘non‑classified voivodship’ category increasing each year – almost 1/4 of Polish exports and almost 1/5 of imports are not assigned to any voivodship, which implies a decrease in the significance of the methodological value of the diversification index.Sylwia Pangsy-Kania: [email protected] Wierzbicka: [email protected] Czarnomska: [email protected] Pangsy-Kania - Wydział Ekonomiczny, Uniwersytet GdańskiKatarzyna Wierzbicka - Wydział Ekonomii i Finansów, Uniwersytet w BiałymstokuAnna Czarnomska - Wydział Ekonomiczny, Uniwersytet GdańskiBudnikowski A., 1996, Rola handlu zagranicznego w gospodarce, [w:] tegoż, Międzynarodowe stosunki gospodarcze, PWE, Warszawa.Departament Polityki Regionalnej, Urząd Marszałkowski Województwa Małopolskiego, Kraków 2018.European Commission, 2015, The single administrative document (SAD), https://ec.europa.eu/taxation_customs/business/customs‑procedures/general‑overview/single‑administrative-document‑sad_en [data dostępu: 11.03.2023].Fujita M., Krugman P., Vanables A., 1999, The spatial economy: cities, regions and international trade, The MIT Press, Cambridge.Gałązka A., 2017, Teoretyczne podstawy rozwoju regionalnego – wybrane teorie, czynniki i bariery rozwoju, „Studia BAS”, nr 1(49), s. 9–61.Gawlikowska‑Hueckel K., Umiński S., 2005, Handel zagraniczny Małopolski, Metodologia badań oraz analiza obrotów w latach 2000–2004, Departament Gospodarki i Infrastruktury, Kraków.GUS 1, 2020, Wstępne szacunki produktu krajowego brutto w przekroju regionów w 2019 roku, https://stat.gov.pl/obszary‑tematyczne/rachunki‑narodowe/rachunki-regionalne/wstepne‑szacunki-produktu‑krajowego-brutto-w-przekroju‑regionow-w-2019‑roku,8,3.html [data dostępu: 11.03.2023].GUS 2, 2020, Rocznik statystyczny województw, https://stat.gov.pl/files/gfx/portalinformacyjny/pl/defaultaktualnosci/5515/4/15/1/rocznik_statystyczny_wojewodztw_2020.pdf [data dostępu: 11.03.2023].GUS, 2013, Handel zagraniczny w województwach (NTS 2), https://stat.gov.pl/download/gfx/portalinformacyjny/pl/defaultaktualnosci/6339/5/1/1/handel_zagraniczny_w_wojewodztwach_nts_2.pdf [data dostępu: 11.03.2023].GUS, 2013, Handel zagraniczny w województwach (NTS 2), https://stat.gov.pl/download/gfx/portalinformacyjny/pl/defaultaktualnosci/6339/5/1/1/handel_zagraniczny_w_wojewodztwach_nts_2.pdf [data dostępu: 11.03.2023].GUS, 2018, Rocznik Statystyczny Handlu Zagranicznego, Warszawa.GUS, 2019, Informacja o handlu zagranicznym Polski na koniec grudnia 2018, https://www.gov.pl/attachment/b425d51e‑838e-41d1–9c9a-c96b8242cdb6 [data dostępu: 11.03.2023].Handel zagraniczny w Polsce i Małopolsce 2017, 2018, Małopolskie Obserwatorium Rozwoju Regionalnego, https://www.obserwatorium.malopolska.pl/eng/wp‑content/uploads/sites/4/2019/01/Handel‑zagraniczny-w-Polsce-i-Ma%C5%82opolsce‑2017-kopia-2.pdf [data dostępu: 11.03.2023].Handel zagraniczny w Polsce i Małopolsce 2019, 2020, Małopolskie Obserwatorium Rozwoju Regionalnego, Departament Polityki Regionalnej, Urząd Marszałkowski Województwa Małopolskiego, Kraków, https://www.obserwatorium.malopolska.pl/wp‑content/uploads/2019/01/handel_zagraniczny_2017.pdf [data dostępu: 11.03.2023].Jaszczyński M., 2016, Znaczenie handlu zagranicznego w rozwoju gospodarczym, „Zeszyty Naukowe PWSZ w Płocku, Nauki Ekonomiczne”, t. 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Decades of population genetic research reveal the need for harmonization of molecular markers: the grey wolf Canis lupus as a case study

Following protection measures implemented since the 1970s, large carnivores are currently increasing in number and returning to areas from which they were absent for decades or even centuries. Monitoring programmes for these species rely extensively on non-invasive sampling and genotyping. However, attempts to connect results of such studies at larger spatial or temporal scales often suffer from the incompatibility of genetic markers implemented by researchers in different laboratories. This is particularly critical for long-distance dispersers, revealing the need for harmonized monitoring schemes that would enable the understanding of gene flow and dispersal dynamics. Based on a review of genetic studies on grey wolves Canis lupus from Europe, we provide an overview of the genetic markers currently in use, and identify opportunities and hurdles for studies based on continent-scale datasets. Our results highlight an urgent need for harmonization of methods to enable transnational research based on data that have already been collected, and to allow these data to be linked to material collected in the future. We suggest timely standardization of newly developed genotyping approaches, and propose that action is directed towards the establishment of shared single nucleotide polymorphism panels, next-generation sequencing of microsatellites, a common reference sample collection and an online database for data exchange. Enhanced cooperation among genetic researchers dealing with large carnivores in consortia would facilitate streamlining of methods, their faster and wider adoption, and production of results at the large spatial scales that ultimately matter for the conservation of these charismatic species