Thought positions of the Woman-lead in Natrinai

This article aims to find out how the stances of the woman-lead's (Thalaivi) are situated in Natrinai, which is the first piece of Etthuthokai literature (the eight anthologies). The Sangam era speaks about women, i.e., the position of women in the love life of a man and a woman. Women of the Sangam period are depicted as heroic women in literature. Women were known to meet their men at all hours of the day and night, to protect crops, to be brave in their actions, and to be messengers for the king. The content of this article has been chosen with the aim of analysing the position of women in Natrinai. The woman's morals, lifestyle, grieving for the absence of a man, mission, etc. have been investigated through descriptive analysis. Not only that, the situation of Sangam women and women today has also been studied through a comparative analysis

Characteristics and incidence of transfusion-associated necrotizing enterocolitis in the UK

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The etiology of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is unclear and postulated as being multifactorial. It has been suggested that one causative factor is the transfusion of packed red blood cells (PRBCs) leading to the disease entity commonly referred to as transfusion-associated NEC (TANEC). TANEC has been reported in North America but its incidence has not been formally investigated in the UK. Our aims were to identify the incidence of NEC and TANEC in tertiary-level UK neonatal units and to describe characteristics of TANEC cases. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Using strict case definitions for NEC and TANEC, we undertook a retrospective review to estimate the incidence of TANEC cases occurring in four UK tertiary-level centers during a 38-month period. RESULTS: Of 8007 consecutive neonatal admissions of all gestations to the four centers, 68 babies went on to develop NEC and all affected infants were of very low birth weight (VLBW); 34 of these had previously received a transfusion of PRBCs but did not fit the diagnostic criteria for TANEC, whereas 15 (22%) of the 68 babies with NEC qualified as TANEC cases. UK cases occurred at an earlier postnatal age than cases reported in multiple large North American series and were of a lower birth weight. CONCLUSIONS: We have confirmed the presence of TANEC in the UK VLBW neonatal population. Its incidence lies within the wide range described in previous reports of this phenomenon globally, though with some local variation in characteristics. Further work is needed to clarify causation, pathophysiology, and possible mechanisms of prevention of TANEC

Feasibility of bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy during vaginal hystertectomy for benign uterine diseases

Background: Prophylactic bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy (BSO) remains the best measure in the prevention of ovarian cancer as it lacks an effective screening tool. The need to perform prophylactic BSO shouldn't dictate the route of surgery. To assess the feasibility of prophylactic BSO during vaginal hysterectomy. To analyze the safety of the vaginal BSO.Methods: This was a retrospective study conducted in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology at Velammal Medical College, Madurai, Tamilnadu, India from June 2016 to June 2018 over a period of 3 years. 54 women who underwent hysterectomy for benign uterine disease in whom concomitant prophylactic BSO was attempted were included in the study. Preoperative data like age, parity, menopausal status, BMI, previous pelvic surgeries were noted from the admission record. Intraoperative details like indication for surgery, surgical procedure, duration of surgery and complications like hemorrhage, bladder, ureter and bowel injury were collected from the operative record. Postoperative recovery details were also noted down from the case sheet. The collected data were then analyzed.Results: Of the 54 women included in the study, transvaginal BSO was successful in 53 (98.1%) women. There was one case of primary haemorrhage due to slippage of ovarian pedicle, another patient required laparotomy for completing BSO. None had bladder, ureter or bowel injury.Conclusions: Prophylactic BSO is both feasible and safe in almost all patients undergoing vaginal hysterectomy. Developing the skill to perform transvaginal BSO can inspire gynaecologists to move a step forward and deal with benign adnexal pathology concomitantly at vaginal hysterectomy. The risk of remnant ovarian syndrome post vaginal oophorectomy is unknown

Clinical study of polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) in tertiary care centre

Background: A true definition of polycystic ovarian syndrome involves a blending of the morphological and histological ovarian changes with endocrine abnormalities associated with these changes. Objective of present study was to detect the differences among women with PCOS and without PCOS.Methods: Twenty-five subjects with PCOS were included in the study on first cum first basis and twenty-five non PCOS subjects just next to each PCOS cases were included as control group.Results: Mean age of PCOS and Non PCOS subjects were 42.68 and 43.88 years respectively. Sixteen percentage of PCOS were from higher socio-economic status, which was statistically significant. PCOS subjects had 96% hirsuitism, 48% acne, 4% heavy voice and breast atropy which was also statistically significant.Conclusions: Women with PCOS have a hormonal imbalance and metabolism problems that may affect their health and fertility, we found PCOS subjects are more in urban population with strong family history. Lifestyle modification and dietary modification helps for the long-term health prognosis. women who are at risk of PCOS to be educated and managed for the continuing health risk and planned potential therapeutic strategies. Further research has to look into possibility of genes linked into PCOS

Low Power High Gain Op-Amp using Square Root based Current Generator

A very high gain two stage CMOS operational amplifier has been presented The proposed circuit is implemented in 180nm CMOS technology with a supply voltage of 0 65V The current source in the OPAMP is replaced by a square root based current generator which helps to reduce the impact of process variations on the circuit and low power consumption due to the operation of MOS in subthreshold region So with the help of square root based current generator the better controllability over gain can be obtained The proposed opamp shows a high gain of 121 9dB and low power consumption of 11 89uW is achieve

Stimulation of reserpine biosynthesis in the callus of Rauvolfia tetraphylla L. by precursor feeding

Reserpine is an important indole alkaloid that is used to treat hypertension and various psychiatric diseases by acting as a tranquilizing agent. In pharmaceutical industries, reserpine is in great demand. Chemical synthesis of reserpine is costlier than extracting it from natural resources. So enhancing this alkaloid in the already available system is a beneficial approach. Tryptophan is the starting material in the biosynthesis of reserpine. Callus was induced from leaf explants of Rauvolfia tetraphylla L. on MS medium supplemented with the combination of 9 μM 2,4-D and 25, 50, 75 and 100 mg/l tryptophan. An increase in the reserpine content was observed at 50 mg/l tryptophan than in other concentrations.Key words: Callus, MS medium, Rauvolfia tetraphylla L., reserpine, tryptophan

Study of histopathological patterns of endometrium in abnormal uterine bleeding

Background: Abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB) is the commonest presenting symptom in gynaecology out- patient department. Endometrial sampling could be effectively used as the first diagnostic step in AUB. This study was done to evaluate histopathology of endometrium for identifying the endometrial causes of AUB. And also, to observe the incidence of various endometrial pathology in different age groups presenting with abnormal uterine bleeding.Methods: A one-year prospective study conducted in the department of obstetrics and gynaecologist in A. J. institute of medical sciences and research centre which included 200 cases of clinically diagnosed AUB patients. Histopathological examination of endometrial biopsies specimens was done, followed by clinical correlation.Results: The most common age group presenting with AUB was 41-50 years (43.84%). The commonest pattern in these patients was normal cycling endometrium (42.32%). The commonest pathology irrespective of the age group was disordered proliferative pattern (26.15%). Other causes identified atrophic endometrium (11.5%), benign endometrial polyp (5.38%), endometrial hyperplasia (5.41%), carcinomas (0.79%) and chronic endometritis (1.54%).Conclusions: The knowledge of endometrial pattern in a case of AUB helps to decide a plan of management. Endometrial sampling plays a very important role in management of AUB, especially in the age group of more than 40 years; i.e., the peri and post-menopausal age groups, where incidence of malignant or pre malignant conditions was noted to be the highest