Quantitative Variability, Heritability and Genetic Advance in Black gram by Effect of Mutation in Field Trail

Genetic variation has led to an increasing the quantitative traits of crops. The variability on genome is induced by mutation, which enhances the productivity. We evaluated variability on quantitative characters such as, plant height, number of branches/plant, number of leaves/plant, number of fruit clusters/plant, number of pods/plant, number of seeds/pod, yield/plant and 100 seed weight of black gram in M2 generation by the effect of mutation by gamma rays. The results were showed high genetic variability, heritability and genetic advance with significant enhancement     (P 0.05 and P 0.01) in growth and yield traits. Hence selection is effective for these traits could be possible through gamma rays. The speculation of effects of gamma rays on genome is that irradiation, induced addition, deletion in DNA pairs and also attributed large chromosomal rearrangement. The result were showed significant enhancement in yield and related traits. It indicates that improvement in quantitative traits would be possible through gamma rays

Effect of TANFAC Effluent on varietal response of Black gram (Vigna mungo L. Hepper)

The present research work has been carried out to understand the effect of different concentrations of TANFAC effluent on seed germination and seedling growth of five varieties of black gram (Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper). The Increasing pace of industrialization in public and private sectors along with urbanization, population explosion and green revolution are reflected in varying degree of pollution of air, water, and soil. The TANFAC effluent is having a higher amount of organic and inorganic element. The Physico-chemical analysis showed that it was acidic in nature. It was rich in total suspended and dissolved solids with large amount of Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD). The effluents severally affect crop plants and soil properties when used for irrigation. The growth parameters such as germination percentage root length shoot length, number of lateral roots, fresh weight and dry weight were taken on 10th day. All the parameters were found to increase at 10% effluent concentration and it decrease from 25% effluent concentration onwards. Among black gram, variety V-2 was tolerant to TANFAC effluent when compared to other varieties

Effect of Briquetting and Carbonization Plant Effluent on Morphological, Biochemical and Mineral Content of Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.)

            The present investigation has been carried out to assess the effect of B &C effluent on morphological, biochemical and mineral content of groundnut seedlings. The physico-chemical analysis of the effluent revealed that the B&C effluent was alkaline in nature and it was rich in suspended and dissolved solids. Germination studies were conducted with various concentration of effluent. The morphological growth parameters (seed germination percentage, seedling growth, fresh weight and dry weight of seedling) and biochemical aspects (Chlorophyll a, b and total chlorophyll, carotenoid, sugar, protein, aminoacid and phenolic contents) showed the increased trend at 10% concentrations of effluent. However, the increased concentrations of effluent reduced the above-mentioned parameters. Among the mineral contents estimated, the phosphorus and potassium showed the same trend. But the nitrogen content showed the increasing trend with the increase of effluent concentrations

Effect of briquetting and carbonisation plant effluent on seed germination of five varieties of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.)

                     The study deals with pollution by Briquetting and Carbonization plant effluent and its effect on five varieties of groundnut to evaluate its irrigation potential.  The effluent is brownish black in colour. It contains higher amount of total nitrogen, metallic and non-metallic ions, sulphates, sodium, chloride, calcium and magnesium.  The impact of various concentrations (10, 25, 50, 75 and 100 per cent) of this effluent on the seedling growth of five varieties of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) was studied under laboratory conditions.  Germination percentage, seedling growth, fresh weight and dry weight of groundnut seedlings exhibited a gradual increase upto 10 per cent and decrease at higher concentrations.  The variety VRI-4 showed the better growth performance than the other varieties studied under effluent treatment

Changes in Growth and Biochemical Parameters of Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) Influenced by TANFAC Effluent

Wastewater discharged by the industries is one of the major causes of environmental pollution, particularly in the developing countries. Present study was conducted in influence of TANFAC effluent (0, 10, 25, 50, 75 and 100%) on groundnut varieties (Arachis hypogaea L.) var. TMV-7, TMV-2, TMV-10 and TMV-13). The growth parameters such as seedling vigour, vigour index, tolerance index and percentage of phytotoxicity were measured on 10th day seedlings. The morphological and biochemical parameters such as chlorophyll, carotenoid, sugar and starch contents decreased with the increase of effluent concentrations except 10% effluent concentration. Among the four varieties studies TMV-7 performed better under TANFAC factory effluent treatment and it proved to be tolerant when compared to the remaining varieties

Chlorophyll and morphological mutants of black gram (Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper) derived by gamma rays and EMS

Micro and macro-mutants play an important role to assess the dose/concentration of mutagens. In the present investigation, some of the chlorophyll mutants were observed in the different dose/concentrations of gamma rays they were chlorina albino, xantha, and viridis. Among the mutagens, Morphological mutants were observed in M2 generation with effect of dose/concentration of mutagens and such mutants were,  dwarf, tall, tiny leaves, hairy leaves, male sterility, brown seed, early, maturing, long pod, bottom branching, top branching, bushy type, trailing and spreading habit mutants were observed in M2 generation. Mutant and its derivatives when used in cross breeding have found to be more productive in the development of improved varieties of black gram. EMS provided more number of chlorophyll and morphological mutants followed by gamma rays in this investigation

Changes on quantitative traits of black gram (Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper) induced by EMS in M2 generation

The systematic collection of black gram is displayed inadequate variability for biotic and abiotic desirable genes. It is possible that genes for high productivity could have been lost due to overriding role of natural selection and genetic base of the present day collection remains poor due to lack of genetic variability owing to their autogamous nature. Mutagenesis has been widely used as a potent method of enhancing variability for crop improvement. In the present investigation, the genetic variability was induced to improve quantitative traits of black gram in M2 generation induced by EMS. The results showed that a significant enhancement in quantitative mean performance archived at 0.1% EMS concentration.ÂÂ

Effects of gamma radiation on quantitative traits and genetic variation of three successive generations of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.)

An annual pulse crop cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.), commonly named southern pea, is a nourishing constituent for the human diet and fodder. Gamma rays are a potent mutagenic agent to stimulate genetic variation with better characteristics, improving the yield relating traits in crops. Hence, the present study focused on exploring genetic variation between three generations in the mutant populations of cowpea through SCoT markers. The mutant populations of three successive generations, M1, M2 and M3, were induced by different doses [200, 400, 600, 800, 1000 and 1200 Gray (Gy)] gamma irradiation. The results depict that the quantitative characters were reduced by increasing the dosage of gamma irradiation in the M1 generation. In contrast, the second and third generation of plants showed a significant increase in yield and yield contributing traits than control and the maximum increase was noticed at 200 Gy and 400 Gy. Days to first flowering was delayed in irradiated plants than control of M1 generation. In contrast, in consecutive generations (M2 and M3), the early first flowering was noticed at 400 Gy and late flowering was observed at 800 Gy compared respectively to control and other doses. Seed yield per plant mean value was increased at 200 Gy in both generations (M2 and M3); it may produce new genotypes to desirable traits such as yield and quality. SCoT markers were used to explore genetic variation at the genomic level of mutant populations and screened with eight primers. Among them, seven primers showed amplification of 222 bands, in which 133 bands showed polymorphism. The polymorphic bands varied from 3.03–96.07%. The genetic variation, such as the number of different alleles (Na), effective number of alleles (Ne), Shannon’s information index (I), expected heterozygosity (He) and unbiased expected heterozygosity (uHe) showed an average value of 1.352 ± 0.092, 1.278 ± 0.027, 0.293 ± 0.023, 0.184 ± 0.016, and 0.194 ± 0.016, respectively. AMOVA depicted significant genetic variation between all generations and indicated a total of 95% within populations and 5% among population variation by the marker used. The present investigations prominently showed that the variations induced by gamma irradiation were inherited from successive generations of the improvement in cowpea quantitative traits. This investigation gives acceptable proof that the SCoT markers are a valuable tool to identify the genetic variation among the three generations of cowpea

Influence of exogenous abscisic acid on morpho-physiological and yield of maize (Zea mays L.) under drought stress

Abscisic acid (ABA) is naturally occurring plant hormone, its also known stress hormone, that act the plant responses to abiotic stresses, especially drought. Maize production losses due to drought prominently affect economics and livelihoods of millions of peoples. The current investigation the role of ABA in drought stress tolerance of maize. The influence of drought stress and foliar spray of abscisic acid diffent concentration (25, 50 ,75 and 100 µM) were analysed on morphological, physiological, and biochemical parameters. The present results revealed a most effective to increased after drought stress imposed with 75 µM ABA treated plants. Exogenous abscisic acid acts as a scavenger of ROS for mitigating the injury on cell membranes under drought were observed in the opening of stomata. Histochemical detection of more accumulation ROS (H2O2 and O2• –) was detected in drought stress shoot compared to other ABA treated and respective control. Fourier Infrared Spectroscopic (IR) study, ABA treated leaves indicated the presence of different functional groups. This study shows that can provide vital insights into maize leaves drought responses and could be beneficial in identifying novel drought tolerance characters. Drought and exogenous abscisic acid treatment increased the endogenous abscisic acid level, specifically at 75 µM concentration. The exogenous abscisic acid application effectively ameliorates the adverse effect of drought stress to improve the drought resistance. In concluded, the level of 75 µM concentration ABA was better growth charaterstics, biochmeical alterations and yiled under drought stress

Screening of Mutants in Black Gram (Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper) With Effect of DES and COH in M2 Generation

Cultivars developed using induced mutants may carry improvements in a wide variety of characteristics. Induced mutant cultivars also have proved to be outstanding parents for further cultivar development. The efficiency of induced mutations in increasing genetic variability has been demonstrated in several crops and a number of varieties have been evolved. In the present investigation, chlorophyll mutants chlorino, albino, xantha, variegata and viridis and morphological mutants such as, dwarf, tall, onostem, tiny leaves, hairy leaves, male sterility, brown seed, early maturity, long pod, bottom branching, top branching, trailing, spreading, and bushy type in M2 generation from both Diethyl sulphate (DES) and Colchicine (COH) treated populations. Mutants and mutant derivatives when used in cross breeding were found to be more productive in the development of improved varieties of black gram. Moreover, induced mutations have recently become the subject of molecular investigations leading to descriptions of the structure and function of related genes. Mutated genes have therefore; become valuable material to plant breeders and molecular biologists for understanding not only the function but also in isolating and shuffling the genes between varieties