The poverty of journal publishing

The article opens with a critical analysis of the dominant business model of for-profit, academic publishing, arguing that the extraordinarily high profits of the big publishers are dependent upon a double appropriation that exploits both academic labour and universities’ financial resources. Against this model, we outline four possible responses: the further development of open access repositories, a fair trade model of publishing regulation, a renaissance of the university presses, and, finally, a move away from private, for-profit publishing companies toward autonomous journal publishing by editorial boards and academic associations. </jats:p

1974: Abilene Christian College Bible Lectures - Full Text

DISCIPLESHIP Being the Abilene Christian College Annual Bible Lectures 1974 Published by ABILENE CHRISTIAN COLLEGE Book Store ACC Station Abilene, Texas 7960

Raman tweezers and their application to the study of singly trapped eukaryotic cells

In this review the recent emergence of Raman tweezers as an analytical technique for single eukaryotic cell analysis is described. The Raman tweezer technique combines Raman spectroscopy as a diagnostic tool with optical tweezers by which means single cells can be trapped and manipulated in a laser beam using a high numerical aperture imaging microscope. Necessary instrumental requirements to facilitate Raman tweezer experiments are discussed together with practical considerations such as the potential for photodamage of cells subjected to trapping and Raman excitation. Specific applications of Raman tweezers to the analysis of cancer cells, erythrocytes and lymphocytes, micro-organisms and sub-cellular components e.g.chromosomes and mitochondria are then discussed followed by a summary of the future potential of the technique for single cell analysis. © 2009 The Royal Society of Chemistry

Squeezing, Hearing and Illuminating Prostate Cancer: Searching for Diagnostic Signatures

Squeezing, Hearing and Illuminating Prostate Cancer Cells - Searching for Diagnostic SignaturesCurrently, the diagnosis of prostate cancer is achieved by annual PSA screening and digital rectal examination (DRE). However, the lack of sensitivity and specificity of PSA as a tool to diagnose prostate cancer, as well as its inability to predict the clinical aggressiveness of a tumour have limited its utility. In our work we search for diagnostic signatures for prostate cancer which might also provide information on the aggressiveness of the cancer. To this end we have used reflection mode Fourier transform infrared photoacoustic spectroscopy (FTIR-PAS), Raman Laser Tweezers1 and atomic force microscopy (AFM) to study the applicability of these techniques to discriminate between prostate cancer cells of differing invasiveness and non-cancer prostate cells. Results of our work have shown that the cells can be discriminated spectroscopically using FTIR-PAS2 and Raman Laser Tweezers.3, 4 Sensitivities and specificities of &gt;93% and 98% were achieved using Raman Laser Tweezers and Principal component-linear discriminate analysis (PCLDA). In addition, we have investigated the hypothesis that the mechanical properties of cells might be a useful marker for cancer progression. It has been suggested that cancer cells are less stiff than non-cancer cells and that invasive cancer cells are less stiff than non-invasive cancer cells. We have determined the stiffness of non-cancerous prostate cells (BPH), non-invasive prostate cancer cells (LNCaP) and highly invasive prostate cancer cells (PC-3) using an atomic force microscope (AFM).5 We have shown that prostate cancer cells were more easily deformed than non-cancer cells. However, the highly invasive PC-3 cells were stiffer than the non-invasive LNCaP.1. Snook R. D., Harvey T. J. , Correia Faria E. and Gardner P., Raman Tweezers and their Application to the Study of Singly Trapped Eukaryotic Cells, Integrative Biology, 2009, 1, 43-522. Harvey T. J., Henderson A., Gazi E., Clarke N. W., Brown M., Correia Faria E., Snook R. D. and Gardner P., Discrimination of Prostate Cancer Cells by Reflection Mode FTIR Photoacoustic Spectroscopy, The Analyst, 2007, 132, 292-2953. Harvey T. J., Hughes C., Ward A. D., Correia Faria E., Henderson A., Clarke N. W., Brown M. D., Snook R. D. and Gardner P., Classification of Fixed Urological Cells using Raman Tweezers, Journal of Biophotonics, 2009, 2, 47-694. Harvey T. J., Correia Faria E., Gazi E., Ward A. D., Clarke N. W., Brown M., Snook R. D. and Gardner P., A Preliminary Investigation into the Spectral Discrimination of Live Prostate and Bladder Cancer Cell Lines Using Raman Optical Tweezers, Journal of Biomedical Optics., 2008, 13, 064004–0640115. Correia Faria E., Ma N., Gazi E., Gardner P., Brown M., Clarke N. W. and Snook R. D., Measurement of Elastic Properties of Prostate Cancer Cells using AFM, The Analyst, 2008, 133, 1498-500

Spectral discrimination of live prostate and bladder cancer cell lines using Raman optical tweezers

An investigation into the use of Raman optical tweezers to study urological cell lines is reported, with the ultimate aim of determining the presence of malignant CaP cells in urine and peripheral fluids. To this end, we trapped and analyzed live CaP cells (PC-3) and bladder cells (MGH-U1), because both prostate and bladder cells are likely to be present in urine. The laser excitation wavelength of 514.5 nm was used, with Raman light collected both in back- and forward-scattering geometric configurations. For the backscattering configuration the same laser was used for trapping and excitation, while for forward scattering a 1064 nm laser provided the trapping beam. Analysis of cell-diameter distributions for cells analyzed suggested normal distribution of cell sizes, indicating an unbiased cellselection criterion. Principal components analysis afforded discrimination of MGH-U1 and PC-3 spectra collected in either configuration, demonstrating that it is possible to trap, analyze, and differentiate PC-3 from MGH-U1 cells using a 514.5 nm laser. By loading plot analysis, possible biomolecules responsible for discrimination in both configurations were determined. Finally, the effect of cell size on discrimination was investigated, with results indicating that separation is based predominantly on cell type rather than cell size. © 2008 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers

Effects of arachidonic acid supplementation on training adaptations in resistance-trained males

This article deals with the impact of AA supplementation during resistance training on body composition, training adaptations, and markers of muscle hypertrophy in resistance-trained males

Reconstruction of primary vertices at the ATLAS experiment in Run 1 proton–proton collisions at the LHC

This paper presents the method and performance of primary vertex reconstruction in proton–proton collision data recorded by the ATLAS experiment during Run 1 of the LHC. The studies presented focus on data taken during 2012 at a centre-of-mass energy of √s=8 TeV. The performance has been measured as a function of the number of interactions per bunch crossing over a wide range, from one to seventy. The measurement of the position and size of the luminous region and its use as a constraint to improve the primary vertex resolution are discussed. A longitudinal vertex position resolution of about 30μm is achieved for events with high multiplicity of reconstructed tracks. The transverse position resolution is better than 20μm and is dominated by the precision on the size of the luminous region. An analytical model is proposed to describe the primary vertex reconstruction efficiency as a function of the number of interactions per bunch crossing and of the longitudinal size of the luminous region. Agreement between the data and the predictions of this model is better than 3% up to seventy interactions per bunch crossing