Implementasi Algoritma Backtracking dengan Optimasi Menggunakan Teknik Hidden Single pada Penyelesaian Permainan Sudoku

Perkembangan teknologi informasi telah merambah dalam berbagai bidang, salah satunya bidang permainan seperti puzzle atau teka-teki. Sudoku adalah sebuah permainan teka-teki logika yang cukup menarik untuk dimainkan. Hingga saat ini permainan Sudoku telah populer di kalangan masyarakat. Berbagai jenis variasi puzzle dan tingkat kesulitan yang terdapat dalam Sudoku membuat para ilmuwan berusaha untuk melakukan penelitian terhadap permainan ini. Penggunaan algoritma backtracking dalam penyelesaian puzzle Sudoku merupakan salah satu penelitian yang telah dilakukan sebelumnya. Hanya saja, algoritma ini masih membutuhkan waktu yang cukup lama dalam melakukan komputasi penyelesaian puzzle Sudoku. Dalam penelitian ini, dibangun sebuah aplikasi untuk mengoptimalkan algoritma backtracking dalam menyelesaikan puzzle Sudoku menggunakan sebuah teknik optimasi yang disebut teknikhidden single.Aplikasi ini telah berhasil mengimplementasikan teknik hidden single ke dalam algoritma backtracking yang digunakan. Hasil uji coba penelitian menunjukkan bahwa dengan menggunakan optimasi teknik hidden single, algoritma backtracking mampu mengoptimalkan waktu dan kinerja komputasi pada penyelesaian puzzle Sudoku.Kata kunci—Sudoku, permainan, logika, puzzle, teka-teki, algoritma, optimasi, backtracking, hidden single

Fremanezumab for the Preventive Treatment of Chronic Migraine.

BACKGROUND: Fremanezumab, a humanized monoclonal antibody targeting calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), is being investigated as a preventive treatment for migraine. We compared two fremanezumab dose regimens with placebo for the prevention of chronic migraine. METHODS: In this phase 3 trial, we randomly assigned patients with chronic migraine (defined as headache of any duration or severity on ≥15 days per month and migraine on ≥8 days per month) in a 1:1:1 ratio to receive fremanezumab quarterly (a single dose of 675 mg at baseline and placebo at weeks 4 and 8), fremanezumab monthly (675 mg at baseline and 225 mg at weeks 4 and 8), or matching placebo. Both fremanezumab and placebo were administered by means of subcutaneous injection. The primary end point was the mean change from baseline in the average number of headache days (defined as days in which headache pain lasted ≥4 consecutive hours and had a peak severity of at least a moderate level or days in which acute migraine-specific medication [triptans or ergots] was used to treat a headache of any severity or duration) per month during the 12 weeks after the first dose. RESULTS: Of 1130 patients enrolled, 376 were randomly assigned to fremanezumab quarterly, 379 to fremanezumab monthly, and 375 to placebo. The mean number of baseline headache days (as defined above) per month was 13.2, 12.8, and 13.3, respectively. The least-squares mean (±SE) reduction in the average number of headache days per month was 4.3±0.3 with fremanezumab quarterly, 4.6±0.3 with fremanezumab monthly, and 2.5±0.3 with placebo (P CONCLUSIONS: Fremanezumab as a preventive treatment for chronic migraine resulted in a lower frequency of headache than placebo in this 12-week trial. Injection-site reactions to the drug were common. The long-term durability and safety of fremanezumab require further study. (Funded by Teva Pharmaceuticals; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT02621931 .)

Open-Label, Multi-Dose, Pilot Safety Study of Injection of OnabotulinumtoxinA Toward the Otic Ganglion for the Treatment of Intractable Chronic Cluster Headache

BACKGROUND: The otic ganglion (OG) provides parasympathetic innervation to the cerebral circulation and cranial structures and may be involved in the pathophysiology of trigeminal autonomic headaches. This structure has never been targeted in any headache disorder. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the safety of injecting onabotulinumtoxin A (BTA) toward the OG in 10 patients with intractable chronic cluster headache and to collect efficacy data. METHODS: A total of 10 patients with chronic cluster headache were enrolled in this open-label, multi-dose pilot safety study. All patients were recruited and treated on an out-patient basis at St Olav's University Hospital (Norway). In 5 patients each, the OG was the injection target with 12.5 IU of BTA or 25 IU, respectively. The primary outcome measure was adverse events (AEs) and the main secondary outcome was the number of attacks per week measured at baseline and in the second month following injection. RESULTS: For the primary endpoint, we analyzed data for all 10 patients. There were a total of 17 AEs in 6 of the 10 patients. All AEs were considered mild and disappeared by the end of follow-up. The median number of attacks per week at baseline was 17.0 [7.8 to 25.8] vs 14.0 [7.3 to 20.0] in the second month following injection; difference: 3 (95%CI: -0.3 to 7.9), P = .063. CONCLUSIONS: Injection with BTA toward the OG appears to be safe. We did not find a statistically significant reduction in the number of attacks per week at month 2 after injection compared to the baseline. This study suggests that the OG is not an important target for the treatment of chronic cluster headache. A future study employing more precise targeting of the OG may be indicated

Occipital nerve stimulation for the treatment of intractable chronic migraine headache: ONSTIM feasibility study

BackgroundMedically intractable chronic migraine (CM) is a disabling illness characterized by headache ≥15 days per month.MethodsA multicenter, randomized, blinded, controlled feasibility study was conducted to obtain preliminary safety and efficacy data on occipital nerve stimulation (ONS) in CM. Eligible subjects received an occipital nerve block, and responders were randomized to adjustable stimulation (AS), preset stimulation (PS) or medical management (MM) groups.ResultsSeventy-five of 110 subjects were assigned to a treatment group; complete diary data were available for 66. A responder was defined as a subject who achieved a 50% or greater reduction in number of headache days per month or a three-point or greater reduction in average overall pain intensity compared with baseline. Three-month responder rates were 39% for AS, 6% for PS and 0% for MM. No unanticipated adverse device events occurred. Lead migration occurred in 12 of 51 (24%) subjects.ConclusionThe results of this feasibility study offer promise and should prompt further controlled studies of ONS in CM

Implementasi Algoritma Gale – Shapley Pada Situs Jejaring Sosial Pencarian Kerja UMN Vacancy

Departemen Pengembangan Karir Universitas Multimedia Nusantara (UMN) menyediakan wadah bagi mahasiswa untuk mencari dan memilih lowongan kerja yang sesuai dengan minat dan kemampuan mereka. Dalam proses pemasangan berdasarkan tanya jawab akan sulit menjamin apakah kombinasi mahasiswa dan lowongan kerja adalah yang paling baik karena kita tidak memiliki preference list dari kedua belah pihak. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini berfokus pada bagaimana mengimplementasikan Algoritma Gale – Shapley pada situs jejaring sosial pencarian kerja di UMN yang bertujuan memasangkan pencari kerja dengan lowongan kerja yang diterbitkan sehingga pencari kerja mendapatkan pekerjaan yang sesuai dan diinginkannya, dan Perusahaan mendapatkan karyawan yang sesuai dengan klasifikasi lowongan kerja yang diterbitkan. Dari hasil uji coba pairing antara pencari kerja dan lowongan kerja, dapat disimpulkan bahwa Algoritma Gale – Shapley memenuhi prinsip definiteness, input, output, dan finiteness

Current and prospective pharmacological targets in relation to antimigraine action

Migraine is a recurrent incapacitating neurovascular disorder characterized by unilateral and throbbing headaches associated with photophobia, phonophobia, nausea, and vomiting. Current specific drugs used in the acute treatment of migraine interact with vascular receptors, a fact that has raised concerns about their cardiovascular safety. In the past, α-adrenoceptor agonists (ergotamine, dihydroergotamine, isometheptene) were used. The last two decades have witnessed the advent of 5-HT1B/1D receptor agonists (sumatriptan and second-generation triptans), which have a well-established efficacy in the acute treatment of migraine. Moreover, current prophylactic treatments of migraine include 5-HT2 receptor antagonists, Ca2+ channel blockers, and β-adrenoceptor antagonists. Despite the progress in migraine research and in view of its complex etiology, this disease still remains underdiagnosed, and available therapies are underused. In this review, we have discussed pharmacological targets in migraine, with special emphasis on compounds acting on 5-HT (5-HT1-7), adrenergic (α1, α2, and β), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP 1 and CGRP2), adenosine (A1, A2, and A3), glutamate (NMDA, AMPA, kainate, and metabotropic), dopamine, endothelin, and female hormone (estrogen and progesterone) receptors. In addition, we have considered some other targets, including gamma-aminobutyric acid, angiotensin, bradykinin, histamine, and ionotropic receptors, in relation to antimigraine therapy. Finally, the cardiovascular safety of current and prospective antimigraine therapies is touched upon

New acute treatments for headache

Although we have several acute care medications for the treatment of migraine, we are always looking for new medications to treat our patients. Patients often say that their headaches are not under optimal control and would be happy to try another medication. Patients look for faster onset of relief, more complete relief, no recurrent headache and no adverse events. This article will cover some new and some anticipated acute care products, CGRP antagonists, sumatriptan by iontophoretic patch, sumatriptan by needle-free injections, DHE by oral inhalation and diclofenac potassium in a sachet. Botulinum toxin therapy, although a preventive measure, will be mentioned at the end