Extending holographic LEED to ordered small unit cell superstructures

Following on the success of the recent application of holographic LEED to the determination of the 3D atomic geometry of Si adatoms on a SiC(111) p(3x3) surface, which enabled that structure to be solved, we show in this paper that a similar technique allows the direct recovery of the local geometry of adsorbates forming superstructures as small as p(2x2), even in the presence of a local substrate reconstruction.Comment: 10 pages, 5 figures postscript included, revtex, Phys. Rev. B in pres

Effect of platelet storage duration on clinical outcomes and incremental platelet change in critically ill children

The safety of platelet (PLT) concentrates with longer storage duration has been questioned due to biochemical and functional changes that occur during blood collection and storage. Some studies have suggested that transfusion efficacy is decreased and immune system dysfunction is worsened with increased storage age. We sought to describe the effect of PLT storage age on laboratory and clinical outcomes in critically ill children receiving PLT transfusions. Study Design and Methods: We performed a secondary analysis of a prospective, observational point-prevalence study. Children (3 days to 16 years of age) from 82 pediatric intensive care units in 16 countries were enrolled if they received a PLT transfusion during one of the predefined screening weeks. Outcomes (including PLT count increments, organ dysfunction, and transfusion reactions) were evaluated by PLT storage age. Results: Data from 497 patients were analyzed. The age of the PLT transfusions ranged from 1 to 7 days but the majority were 4 (24%) or 5 (36%) days of age. Nearly two-thirds of PLT concentrates were transfused to prevent bleeding. The indication for transfusion did not differ between storage age groups (P =.610). After patient and product variables were adjusted for, there was no association between storage age and incremental change in total PLT count or organ dysfunction scoring. A significant association between fresher storage age and febrile transfusion reactions (P =.002) was observed. Conclusion: The results in a large, diverse cohort of critically ill children raise questions about the impact of storage age on transfusion and clinical outcomes which require further prospective evaluation

Addressing climate change with behavioral science: A global intervention tournament in 63 countries

Effectively reducing climate change requires marked, global behavior change. However, it is unclear which strategies are most likely to motivate people to change their climate beliefs and behaviors. Here, we tested 11 expert-crowdsourced interventions on four climate mitigation outcomes: beliefs, policy support, information sharing intention, and an effortful tree-planting behavioral task. Across 59,440 participants from 63 countries, the interventions’ effectiveness was small, largely limited to nonclimate skeptics, and differed across outcomes: Beliefs were strengthened mostly by decreasing psychological distance (by 2.3%), policy support by writing a letter to a future-generation member (2.6%), information sharing by negative emotion induction (12.1%), and no intervention increased the more effortful behavior—several interventions even reduced tree planting. Last, the effects of each intervention differed depending on people’s initial climate beliefs. These findings suggest that the impact of behavioral climate interventions varies across audiences and target behaviors.publishedVersio

Addressing climate change with behavioral science: a global intervention tournament in 63 countries

Effectively reducing climate change requires marked, global behavior change. However, it is unclear which strategies are most likely to motivate people to change their climate beliefs and behaviors. Here, we tested 11 expert-crowdsourced interventions on four climate mitigation outcomes: beliefs, policy support, information sharing intention, and an effortful tree-planting behavioral task. Across 59,440 participants from 63 countries, the interventions’ effectiveness was small, largely limited to nonclimate skeptics, and differed across outcomes: Beliefs were strengthened mostly by decreasing psychological distance (by 2.3%), policy support by writing a letter to a future-generation member (2.6%), information sharing by negative emotion induction (12.1%), and no intervention increased the more effortful behavior—several interventions even reduced tree planting. Last, the effects of each intervention differed depending on people’s initial climate beliefs. These findings suggest that the impact of behavioral climate interventions varies across audiences and target behaviors

Addressing climate change with behavioral science:A global intervention tournament in 63 countries

Effectively reducing climate change requires marked, global behavior change. However, it is unclear which strategies are most likely to motivate people to change their climate beliefs and behaviors. Here, we tested 11 expert-crowdsourced interventions on four climate mitigation outcomes: beliefs, policy support, information sharing intention, and an effortful tree-planting behavioral task. Across 59,440 participants from 63 countries, the interventions' effectiveness was small, largely limited to nonclimate skeptics, and differed across outcomes: Beliefs were strengthened mostly by decreasing psychological distance (by 2.3%), policy support by writing a letter to a future-generation member (2.6%), information sharing by negative emotion induction (12.1%), and no intervention increased the more effortful behavior-several interventions even reduced tree planting. Last, the effects of each intervention differed depending on people's initial climate beliefs. These findings suggest that the impact of behavioral climate interventions varies across audiences and target behaviors.</p