How has internet addiction research evolved since the advent of internet gaming disorder? An overview of cyberaddictions from a psychological perspective

During the past two decades, Internet addiction (IA) has been the most commonly used term in research into online activities and their influence on the development of behavioral addictions. The aim of this review is to assess the impact of the concept of Internet gaming disorder (IGD), proposed by the American Psychiatric Association, on the scientific literature regarding IA. It presents a bibliometric analysis of the IA literature starting from the time IGD was first proposed, with the objective of observing and comparing the topics that have arisen during this period among the different IA themes researched. The findings demonstrate a steady evolution, particularly regarding publications related to the general aspects of IA: its clinical component, its prevalence and psychometric measures, the growing interest in the contextual factors promoting this addictive behavior, scientific progress in its conceptualization based on existing theoretical models, and neuropsychological studies. Nevertheless, many of the studies (22 %) focus on specific IA behaviors and show heterogeneity among the cyberaddictions, with online gaming (related to IGD) most common, followed by cybersex and social networking. Although research on the general concept of IA continues, investigators have begun to pay attention to the diverse spectrum of specific cyberaddictions and their psychological components

SAG101 Forms a Ternary Complex with EDS1 and PAD4 and Is Required for Resistance Signaling against Turnip Crinkle Virus

EDS1, PAD4, and SAG101 are common regulators of plant immunity against many pathogens. EDS1 interacts with both PAD4 and SAG101 but direct interaction between PAD4 and SAG101 has not been detected, leading to the suggestion that the EDS1-PAD4 and EDS1-SAG101 complexes are distinct. We show that EDS1, PAD4, and SAG101 are present in a single complex in planta. While this complex is preferentially nuclear localized, it can be redirected to the cytoplasm in the presence of an extranuclear form of EDS1. PAD4 and SAG101 can in turn, regulate the subcellular localization of EDS1. We also show that the Arabidopsis genome encodes two functionally redundant isoforms of EDS1, either of which can form ternary complexes with PAD4 and SAG101. Simultaneous mutations in both EDS1 isoforms are essential to abrogate resistance (R) protein-mediated defense against turnip crinkle virus (TCV) as well as avrRps4 expressing Pseudomonas syringae. Interestingly, unlike its function as a PAD4 substitute in bacterial resistance, SAG101 is required for R-mediated resistance to TCV, thus implicating a role for the ternary complex in this defense response. However, only EDS1 is required for HRT-mediated HR to TCV, while only PAD4 is required for SA-dependent induction of HRT. Together, these results suggest that EDS1, PAD4 and SAG101 also perform independent functions in HRT-mediated resistance

Le monopole de l’État français sur les jeux d’argent : de l’art d’extorquer des fonds aux plus démunis

Notre étude s’inscrit dans une optique d’économie politique qui s’intéresse à l’impact socio-économique du monopole étatique sur les jeux de hasard et d’argent en France. Les recettes fiscales issues des jeux de tirage et de grattage, en particulier, placent un fardeau financier disproportionné sur les ménages à bas revenu. De la sorte, les produits de la Française des Jeux (FDJ) s’apparentent à des biens inférieurs (la consommation varie inversement au revenu) taxés à un taux exorbitant. De plus, la FDJ dont l’État est le principal actionnaire s’efforce, au travers de ses campagnes publicitaires, à encourager le jeu et à attirer un nombre croissant de joueurs. Grâce à une gamme de produits qui s’est étoffée considérablement ces dernières années, l’État donne l’illusion aux joueurs les plus vulnérables du point de vue économique d’un futur meilleur qui est, sur le plan des probabilités, quasi-impossible à atteindre. L’État se sert donc des jeux de hasard et d’argent à la fois comme outil fiscal et comme outil de contrôle social créant de la sorte une forme d’extorsion de fonds envers les plus démunis sans utiliser les recettes fiscales issues des jeux pour améliorer la situation de ces derniers. Loin de proposer une déréglementation du jeu, cet article offre une analyse institutionnelle du rôle de l’État et préconise une approche de la réglementation du jeu plus mesurée qui, d’une part, diminuerait l’attrait du jeu et, d’autre part utiliserait les recettes fiscales qui y sont associées à des fins d’intérêt public.This article focuses on the socio-economic impact of the state monopoly over gambling in France within a political economic framework. Fiscal revenue collected from draw games and instant games specifically puts a disproportionate financial burden on low-income households. Consequently, games controlled by la Française des Jeux (FDJ) are inferior goods (where consumption varies inversely with income) which are subject to exorbitant tax rates. Furthermore, state-controlled FDJ encourages gambling to attract greater participation through aggressive marketing campaigns. By expanding its range of lottery games over the past several years the French state has sold the illusion of a better future to economically disadvantaged players, who statistically are programed to lose. Thus, the State uses gambling both as a fiscal tool and as a tool for social control which creates a situation that resembles racketeering towards disempowered households and individuals without using fiscal revenues from gambling to improve their plight. Far from advocating for deregulation, this article provides instead an institutional analysis of the State’s role in the gambling industry which argues for a more careful approach to regulation, one which would not only decrease public interest in gambling but would also utilize fiscal revenue from gambling for the common good