Non-ergodic transitions in many-body Langevin systems: a method of dynamical system reduction

We study a non-ergodic transition in a many-body Langevin system. We first derive an equation for the two-point time correlation function of density fluctuations, ignoring the contributions of the third- and fourth-order cumulants. For this equation, with the average density fixed, we find that there is a critical temperature at which the qualitative nature of the trajectories around the trivial solution changes. Using a method of dynamical system reduction around the critical temperature, we simplify the equation for the time correlation function into a two-dimensional ordinary differential equation. Analyzing this differential equation, we demonstrate that a non-ergodic transition occurs at some temperature slightly higher than the critical temperature.Comment: 8 pages, 1 figure; ver.3: Calculation errors have been fixe

Asymmetric synthesis of gonytolide A: strategic use of an aryl halide blocking group for oxidative coupling

The first synthesis of the chromanone lactone dimer gonytolide A has been achieved employing vanadium(V)-mediated oxidative coupling of the monomer gonytolide C. An o-bromine blocking group strategy was employed to favor para- para coupling and to enable kinetic resolution of (±)-gonytolide C. Asymmetric conjugate reduction enabled practical kinetic resolution of a chiral, racemic precursor and the asymmetric synthesis of (+)-gonytolide A and its atropisomer.We thank the National Institutes of Health (R35 GM-118173) for research support. Work at the BU-CMD is supported by NIH R24 Grant GM-111625. We thank Prof. Scott Miller and Dr. Anthony Metrano (Yale University) for helpful discussions and preliminary experiments. We thank the Uehara Memorial Foundation for a postdoctoral fellowship to T.I., the American Cancer Society for a postdoctoral fellowship to K.D.R. (PF-16-235-01-CDD), Dr. Jeffrey Bacon (Boston University) for X-ray crystal structure analyses, and Prof. Haruhisa Kikuchi (Tohoku University) for providing a natural sample of gonytolide A. NMR (CHE-0619339) and MS (CHE-0443618) facilities at Boston University are supported by the NSF. (R35 GM-118173 - National Institutes of Health; GM-111625 - NIH; Uehara Memorial Foundation; PF-16-235-01-CDD - American Cancer Society; CHE-0619339 - NSF; CHE-0443618 - NSF

Spin Pumping of Current in Non-Uniform Conducting Magnets

Using irreversible thermodynamics we show that current-induced spin transfer torque within a magnetic domain implies spin pumping of current within that domain. This has experimental implications for samples both with conducting leads and that are electrically isolated. These results are obtained by deriving the dynamical equations for two models of non-uniform conducting magnets: (1) a generic conducting magnet, with net conduction electron density n and net magnetization $\vec{M}$; and (2) a two-band magnet, with up and down spins each providing conduction and magnetism. For both models, in regions where the equilibrium magnetization is non-uniform, voltage gradients can drive adiabatic and non-adiabatic bulk spin torques. Onsager relations then ensure that magnetic torques likewise drive adiabatic and non-adiabatic currents -- what we call bulk spin pumping. For a given amount of adiabatic and non-adiabatic spin torque, the two models yield similar but distinct results for the bulk spin pumping, thus distinguishing the two models. As in the recent spin-Berry phase study by Barnes and Maekawa, we find that within a domain wall the ratio of the effective emf to the magnetic field is approximately given by $P(2\mu_{B}/e)$, where P is the spin polarization. The adiabatic spin torque and spin pumping terms are shown to be dissipative in nature.Comment: 13 pages in pdf format; 1 figur

A universal form of slow dynamics in zero-temperature random-field Ising model

The zero-temperature Glauber dynamics of the random-field Ising model describes various ubiquitous phenomena such as avalanches, hysteresis, and related critical phenomena. Here, for a model on a random graph with a special initial condition, we derive exactly an evolution equation for an order parameter. Through a bifurcation analysis of the obtained equation, we reveal a new class of cooperative slow dynamics with the determination of critical exponents.Comment: 4 pages, 2 figure

A New Measurement of the Stellar Mass Density at z~5: Implications for the Sources of Cosmic Reionization

We present a new measurement of the integrated stellar mass per comoving volume at redshift 5 determined via spectral energy fitting drawn from a sample of 214 photometrically-selected galaxies with z'<26.5 in the southern GOODS field. Following procedures introduced by Eyles et al. (2005), we estimate stellar masses for various sub-samples for which reliable and unconfused Spitzer IRAC detections are available. A spectroscopic sample of 14 of the most luminous sources with =4.92 provides a firm lower limit to the stellar mass density of 1e6 Msun/Mpc^3. Several galaxies in this sub-sample have masses of order 10^11 Msun implying significant earlier activity occurred in massive systems. We then consider a larger sample whose photometric redshifts in the publicly-available GOODS-MUSIC catalog lie in the range 4.4 <z 5.6. Before adopting the GOODS-MUSIC photometric redshifts, we check the accuracy of their photometry and explore the possibility of contamination by low-z galaxies and low-mass stars. After excising probable stellar contaminants and using the z'-J color to exclude any remaining foreground red galaxies, we conclude that 196 sources are likely to be at z~5. The implied mass density from the unconfused IRAC fraction of this sample, scaled to the total available, is 6e6 Msun/Mpc^3. We discuss the uncertainties as well as the likelihood that we have underestimated the true mass density. Including fainter and quiescent sources the total integrated density could be as high as 1e7 Msun/Mpc^3. Using the currently available (but highly uncertain) rate of decline in the star formationhistory over 5 <z< 10, a better fit is obtained for the assembled mass at z~5 if we admit significant dust extinction at early times or extend the luminosity function to very faint limits. [abridged]Comment: Accepted for Publication in ApJ, 39 page

Tree Ferns for Hawai'i Gardens

This publication covers propagation and cultivation of tree ferns. Species suitable for Hawaii gardens are described

Spectroscopy and Stellar Populations of Star-forming Galaxies at z~3 in the Hubble Deep Field - South

We present results of VLT/FORS2 spectroscopy of galaxies at z~3 in the Hubble Deep Field-South (HDF-S). A sample of galaxies was drawn from the photo-z catalogue based on the HST/WFPC2 optical images and the deep near-infrared images obtained with VLT/ISAAC as a part of the FIRES project. We selected galaxies with photometric redshift between 2.5 and 4. Most of the selected galaxies are bright in rest-frame UV wavelengths and satisfy color selection criteria of Lyman break galaxies (LBGs) at z~3. The number of target galaxies with I(AB)<25.0 was 15. We identified new 5 firm and 2 probable redshifts in addition to confirmations of previously known 6 galaxies at z~3. We found 6 among these 13 galaxies lie at a quite narrow redshift range at z = 2.80+-0.01. We examined stellar populations of the galaxies with spectroscopic redshifts through comparisons of their optical and near-IR photometry data with template spectra generated by a population synthesis code. The ages from the onset of star formation for these star-forming galaxies with I<=25.0 are typically 50-200 Myr, and their stellar masses are between (0.5-5) x 10^10 M_sun, consistent with previous studies. We also compared these SED fitting results with those for distant red galaxies (DRGs) at z>2 discovered by FIRES. DRGs have larger stellar masses, larger dust attenuation than our UV-luminous LBG sample, and their star formation rates are often comparable to LBGs. These trends suggest that majority of DRGs are indeed the most massive systems at the redshift and are still in the active star-forming phase. Unless the number density of DRGs is much smaller than LBGs, estimates based on UV selected sample could miss substantial part of stellar mass density at z~3.Comment: 13 pages, 10 Postscript figures, accepted for publication in A&

Cohomogeneity one manifolds and selfmaps of nontrivial degree

We construct natural selfmaps of compact cohomgeneity one manifolds with finite Weyl group and compute their degrees and Lefschetz numbers. On manifolds with simple cohomology rings this yields in certain cases relations between the order of the Weyl group and the Euler characteristic of a principal orbit. We apply our construction to the compact Lie group SU(3) where we extend identity and transposition to an infinite family of selfmaps of every odd degree. The compositions of these selfmaps with the power maps realize all possible degrees of selfmaps of SU(3).Comment: v2, v3: minor improvement

Measurements of galactic cosmic ray shielding with the CRaTER instrument

[1] The Cosmic Ray Telescope for the Effects of Radiation (CRaTER) instrument aboard the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter has been measuring energetic charged particles from the galactic cosmic rays (GCRs) and solar particle events in lunar orbit since 2009. CRaTER includes three pairs of silicon detectors, separated by pieces of tissue-equivalent plastic that shield two of the three pairs from particles incident at the zenith-facing end of the telescope. Heavy-ion beams studied in previous ground-based work have been shown to be reasonable proxies for the GCRs when their energies are sufficiently high. That work, which included GCR simulations, led to predictions for the amount of dose reduction that would be observed by CRaTER. Those predictions are compared to flight data obtained by CRaTER in 2010–2011

Mitochondrial proteomics: analysis of a whole mitochondrial extract with two-dimensional electrophoresis

Mitochondria are complex organelles, and their proteomics analysis requires a combination of techniques. The emphasis in this chapter is made first on mitochondria preparation from cultured mammalian cells, then on the separation of the mitochondrial proteins with two-dimensional electrophoresis (2DE), showing some adjustment over the classical techniques to improve resolution of the mitochondrial proteins. This covers both the protein solubilization, the electrophoretic part per se, and the protein detection on the gels, which makes the interface with the protein identification part relying on mass spectrometry