Unusual Thermodynamics on the Fuzzy 2-Sphere

Higher spin Dirac operators on both the continuum sphere($S^2$) and its fuzzy analog($S^2_F$) come paired with anticommuting chirality operators. A consequence of this is seen in the fermion-like spectrum of these operators which is especially true even for the case of integer-spin Dirac operators. Motivated by this feature of the spectrum of a spin 1 Dirac operator on $S_F^2$, we assume the spin 1 particles obey Fermi-Dirac statistics. This choice is inspite of the lack of a well defined spin-statistics relation on a compact surface such as $S^2$. The specific heats are computed in the cases of the spin $\frac{1}{2}$ and spin 1 Dirac operators. Remarkably the specific heat for a system of spin $\frac{1}{2}$ particles is more than that of the spin 1 case, though the number of degrees of freedom is more in the case of spin 1 particles. The reason for this is inferred through a study of the spectrums of the Dirac operators in both the cases. The zero modes of the spin 1 Dirac operator is studied as a function of the cut-off angular momentum $L$ and is found to follow a simple power law. This number is such that the number of states with positive energy for the spin 1 and spin $\frac{1}{2}$ system become comparable. Remarks are made about the spectrums of higher spin Dirac operators as well through a study of their zero-modes and the variation of their spectrum with degeneracy. The mean energy as a function of temperature is studied in both the spin $\frac{1}{2}$ and spin 1 cases. They are found to deviate from the standard ideal gas law in 2+1 dimensions.Comment: 19 pages, 7 figures. The paper has been significantly modified. Main results are unchange

Multi-Functional Carbon Fibre Composites using Carbon Nanotubes as an Alternative to Polymer Sizing

Carbon fibre reinforced polymers (CFRP) were introduced to the aerospace, automobile and civil engineering industries for their high strength and low weight. A key feature of CFRP is the polymer sizing - a coating applied to the surface of the carbon fibres to assist handling, improve the interfacial adhesion between fibre and polymer matrix and allow this matrix to wet-out the carbon fibres. In this paper, we introduce an alternative material to the polymer sizing, namely carbon nanotubes (CNTs) on the carbon fibres, which in addition imparts electrical and thermal functionality. High quality CNTs are grown at a high density as a result of a 35 nm aluminium interlayer which has previously been shown to minimise diffusion of the catalyst in the carbon fibre substrate. A CNT modified-CFRP show 300%, 450% and 230% improvements in the electrical conductivity on the ‘surface’, ‘through-thickness’ and ‘volume’ directions, respectively. Furthermore, through-thickness thermal conductivity calculations reveal a 107% increase. These improvements suggest the potential of a direct replacement for lightning strike solutions and to enhance the efficiency of current de-icing solutions employed in the aerospace industry

Electrical semiconduction modulated by light in a cobalt and naphthalene diimide metal-organic framework

Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) have emerged as an exciting class of porous materials that can be structurally designed by choosing particular components according to desired applications. Despite the wide interest in and many potential applications of MOFs, such as in gas storage, catalysis, sensing and drug delivery, electrical semiconductivity and its control is still rare. The use and fabrication of electronic devices with MOF-based components has not been widely explored, despite significant progress of these components made in recent years. Here we report the synthesis and properties of a new highly crystalline, electrochemically active, cobalt and naphthalene diimide-based MOF that is an efficient electrical semiconductor and has a broad absorption spectrum, from 300 to 2500 nm. Its semiconductivity was determined by direct voltage bias using a four-point device, and it features a wavelength dependant photoconductive–photoresistive dual behaviour, with a very high responsivity of 2.5 × 105 A W−1

Generation and forecasting of monsoon rainfall data

Generation and forecasting of monsoon rainfall dat

WWER-1000 Nuclear reactor simulator for education. Part A': Overview of simulator physico-mathematical model components

A review of phylogenetic studies carried out together with morphological ones shows that a major problem with most early studies is that they concentrated on techniques and used material or strains of fungi that in most cases were not carefully reference, and in a worrying number of cases wrongly named. Most classical species, particularly of microfungi, are not represented by adequate type material, or other authoritatively identified cultures or specimens, that can serve as DNA sources for phylogenetic study, or for developing robust identification systems. Natural classifications of fungi therefore suffer from the lack of reference strains in resultant phylogenetic trees. In some cases, epitypification and neotypification can solve this problem and these tools are increasingly used to resolve taxonomic confusion and stabilize the understanding of species, genera, families, or orders of fungi. This manuscript discusses epitypification and neotypification, describes how to epitypify or neotypify species and examines the importance of this process. A set of guidelines for epitypification is presented. Examples where taxa have been epitypified are presented and the benefits and problems of epitypification are discussed. As examples of epitypification, or to provide reference specimens, a new epitype is designated for Paraphaeosphaeria michotii and reference specimens are provided for Astrosphaeriella stellata, A. bakeriana, Phaeosphaeria elongata, Ophiobolus cirsii, and O. erythrosporus. In this way we demonstrate how to epitypify taxa and its importance, and also illustrate the value of proposing reference specimens if epitypification is not advisable. Although we provided guidelines for epitypification, the decision to epitypify or not lies with the author, who should have experience of the fungus concerned. This responsibility is to be taken seriously, as once a later typification is made, it may not be possible to undo that, particularly in the case of epitypes, without using the lengthy and tedious formal conservation and rejection processes

A long view of liberal peace and its crisis

The ‘crisis’ of liberal peace has generated considerable debate in International Relations. However, analysis is inhibited by a shared set of spatial, cultural and temporal assumptions that rest on and reproduce a problematic separation between self-evident ‘liberal’ and ‘non-liberal’ worlds, and locates the crisis in presentist terms of the latter’s resistance to the former’s expansion. By contrast, this article argues that efforts to advance liberal rule have always been interwoven with processes of alternative order-making, and in this way are actively integral, not external, to the generation of the subjectivities, contestations, violence and rival social orders that are then apprehended as self-evident obstacles and threats to liberal peace and as characteristic of its periphery. Making visible these intimate relations of co-constitution elided by representations of liberal peace and its crisis requires a long view and an analytical frame that encompasses both liberalism and its others in the world. The argument is developed using a Foucauldian governmentality framework and illustrated with reference to Sri Lanka

Development of an Online Hotel Reservation System in Sri Lanka using Cutting-Edge Technologies

The hotel management system is an important aspect of contemporary hotel life since it assures the hotel's correct operation, making it efficient and enabling the opportunity to reserve a room online. It contains information on the rooms and the hotel as a whole for the staff and administration. This technology eliminates the majority of the paperwork, making it a must-have tool for any modern hotel. The present reservation system is analyzed and improved. The purpose of this paper is to offer a thorough examination of the system. Make an effort to enhance the existing condition in the hotel management industry. In addition, a modest prototype built using cutting-edge technologies MongoDB, Express.js, React.js, and Node.js (MERN stack) will be discussed. This will showcase how the system would operate from the client and administrator sides. The MERN stack is an excellent choice for hotels wishing to develop high-quality web applications. In fact, this stack enables the rapid development of online applications and software in addition to leveraging high-performance and customized technologies. The mentioned system was shown to be significantly more affordable, an open-source program with superior performance, and UI rendering by using these technologies. In addition to assessing the value of an online reservation system for Sri Lanka's hotel industry, this paper will examine how the environment's components should be set up, integrated, and built, as well as how the requirements, design, construction, and test phases of the application development lifecycle should be combined to create an overall system and how a developer would actually go about creating applications that would be used in practical situations

Synthesis and characterization of mixed oxide nanowires for gas sensing

A healthy and long-lasting life is the utmost wish of any living being thus aging. The aging phenomenon cannot be stopped but may be controlled to some extent when we live in appropriate environments. Usually, the outdoor environment is polluted by two means natural events (windblown dust, volcano eruptions, etc.) and man-made ones (burning of facile fuels, factories, volatile organic compounds, etc.). Pollution due to harmful air such as sulfur oxides (SO2), nitrogen oxides (NOX), carbon monoxide (CO), ammonia (NH3), methane (CH4), and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) is one of the significant issues since it is more sensitive to compromising the natural ecosystem and environment. So, exposure to these compounds worsens the aging phenomena of the living being (headache, fainting, skin and eye irradiation, respiratory infections, heart disease, lung cancer, and even superficial death). Therefore, it is necessary the detection these compounds in the environment. Accordingly, metal oxides (MOXs) gas sensors have conventionally been employed to detect and quantify harmful gases in both indoor and outdoor environments. However, one of the major problems with these sensors is achieving selective detection. Herein, we propose a novel design with two metal oxides (ZnO and Co3O4) that provide very high gas response together with superior selectivity. The proposed structure is a one-dimensional (1D) metal oxide composite; Co3O4/ZnO nanowires. The composite was prepared by in-situ thermal oxidation of metallic Co thin layer (50 nm) and evaporation of ZnO powder at a temperature of 800 ᵒC at a pressure of 0.15 mbar. The pressure was maintained by a controlled mixture of O2 and Ar. The morphological, compositional, and structural analyses are evidence of the successful growth of the Co3O4/ZnO composite nanowire with the root of Co3O4 and the tip with Pt (catalyzer) and Co3O4. The gas sensing characterization shows exciting sensing functionality towards acetone (C3H6O) compared to that of tested gases (C2H5OH, H2S, NH3, CO, NO2, and H2). The reported highest response (ΔG/G; G is the conductance) was above the value of 5000 toward 50 ppm (parts per million) C3H6O at 40 RH% air when working at 250 °C with the potential of detecting sub ppb (parts per billion) concentration levels of C3H6O. The very high C3H6O sensing performance together with exceptionally high selectivity of the sensor ascribed to Pt nanoparticle and the Co3O4 section on the tip of the Co3O4/ZnO. Moreover, the formation of heterojunctions, synergistic gas sensing, and the catalytic activity of the proposed design enhances the response of the sensors. Accordingly, scanning electron microscopic (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray diffraction (XRD) characterization, and the sensing mechanisms are comprehensively discussed at the conference