HYBRID NEURO-WAVELET MODEL FOR SHORT TERM LOAD FORECASTING

- Accuracy of the electricity load forecasting is crucial in providing better cost effective risk management plans. This paper proposes a Short Term Electricity Load Forecast (STLF) model with a high forecasting accuracy. A cascaded forward BPN neuro-wavelet forecast model is adopted to perform the STLF. The model is composed of several neural networks whose data are processed using a wavelet technique. The data to be used in the model is electricity load historical data. The historical electricity load data is decomposed into several wavelet coefficient using the Discrete wavelet transform (DWT). The wavelet coefficients are used to train the neural networks (NNs) and later, used as the inputs to the NNs for electricity load prediction. The Levenberg-Marquardt (LM) algorithm is selected as the training algorithm for the NNs. To obtain the final forecast, the outputs from the NNs are recombined using the same wavelet technique. </jats:p

An improved model for the use of facial stimulation in hybrid SSVEP+P300 brain-computer interfaces

Purpose: This research proposes a hybrid BCI that integrates Steady State Visual Evoked Potentials (SSVEP) and Event Related Potentials (P300) simultaneously. We included human facial structure into a visual stimulus to elicit stronger cortical responses in a hybrid SSVEP+P300 BCI. We also discussed the possibilities of triggering one potential with facial stimuli and another with non-facial stimuli. Methods: To elicit SSVEP and P300 responses, non-face and neutral-face stimulus paradigms are presented. We also tested the neutral-face and flicker paradigm, in which non-face stimuli would elicit SSVEP and neutral-face stimuli would elicit P300. Results: The results showed that the latter paradigm evoked more robust cortical potentials, leading to enhanced system accuracy and ITR. The neutral-face and flicker paradigm has an average accuracy of 91.62%, with an average system communication rate of 22.04 bits per second. Conclusions: The author talked about visual stimulus characteristics that might change the way that multiple brain potentials are activated simultaneously and how that affects the individual potentials.</jats:p

Cost of Milk Production of Milch Buffaloes Maintained in Nilanga Tahshil of Latur District

The present investigation was carried in Nilanga tahsil of Latur district during the year 2020-21, The data on 150 buffaloes from village namely viz., Jau, Malegao and Dapka in Nilanga tahsil of Latur district randomly selected for the study with help of pretested interview schedule. Total 150 buffaloes selected from study area of Nilanga tahsil, fifty buffalo owners were selected from each village. The cost of milk production was determined as per the method employed at National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, under this investigation various component were considered such as food, labour and supervision, health cover (veterinary and medicine), miscellaneous expenses and replacement cost. The data were collected from the farmer by personal interview with help of a protested questionnaire in Nilanga tahsil of Latur district. For the productive range up to 5 litre the average gross cost of milk production litre-1of buffaloes on wet and herd basis, was Rs. 24.47 in winter (i.e. flush) and Rs. 23.71 in spring (i.e. lean) respectively and the corresponding values of net cost on wet and herd basis were Rs. 19.34 in winter and Rs.18.75 in spring respectively, which is based on 35 milch and 15 dry buffaloes. The average gross cost litre-1 of milk production in buffaloes for the productive range from 5 to 10 litre on wet basis under winter (i.e. flush) and spring (i.e lean) seasons were Rs.16.76 and Rs.17.56, respectively and corresponding values of net cost were Rs.14.24 and Rs.15.32, respectively, and on herd basis under winter and spring seasons gross cost were Rs. 29.35 and Rs.30.62, respectively and corresponding values of net cost were Rs. 26.45 and Rs.27.54, respectively and in productive range above 10 litre, the average gross cost of milk production litre-1 for buffaloes on wet basis for the productive range of above 10 litre, the average gross cost per litre of milk production under winter (i.e flush) and spring (i.e lean) were Rs. 14.78 and Rs.15.03, respectively and the corresponding values for the net cost were Rs. 13.18 and Rs. 13.29, respectively. On herd basis the average gross cost per litre of milk production were Rs. 27.57 in winter and Rs. 27.98 in spring the corresponding values for the net cost were Rs. 25.70 in winter and Rs. 26.11 in spring.</jats:p

Estimation of crop water requirements within Wainganga sub-basin for Kharif and Rabi season using spatial analysis

Abstract In India, largest user of the water is agriculture sector is the, so it is important to do the proper management of available water. Aim of this study to estimate crop water requirements (CWR) for Kharif and Rabi seasons within Wainganga sub-basin by using remote sensing and GIS technique. For this, reference evapotranspiration (ET0) is estimated by using the Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) Penman-Monteith method. Weather data from 8 weather stations has been collected to estimate ET0. The crop coefficient (KC) is estimated by using linear relationship with Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI). The MODIS NDVI dataset is used for calculation of crop coefficient. The effective precipitation (Pe) has been calculated to estimate CWR by using FAO recommended empirical method. The spatial variation maps for ET0, KC, actual evapotranspiration (ETa) and CWR are generated using Inverse Distance Weightage (IDW) interpolation technique in ArcGIS software. The results show that ET0 and ETa are higher in Kharif season than the Rabi season. The KC is also found higher in kharif than in rabi. Since the Pe is negligible in Rabi season, CWR in Rabi season is found to be higher than kharif season. The CWR in Rabi varies between 320 mm to 378 mm and in kharif season it varies between 94 mm to 263 mm. It is concluded that the seasonal estimation of CWR helps in understanding the peak water demand in that season in better way. It is required to provide sufficient irrigation to the crops in Rabi season especially as the agricultural production completely depends on the irrigation facilities in the study area because there is no rainfall in this season.</jats:p

FUNCTIONALIZATION OF EPDM RUBBER TOWARD BETTER SILICA DISPERSION AND REINFORCEMENT

ABSTRACTFunctionalization of non-polar ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) rubber by melt grafting of maleic anhydride (MA) and in situ incorporation of sol–gel derived silica in the MA grafted EPDM has been done to prepare EPDM/silica composites to use dual benefits of both the approaches, which results in adequate rubber–filler compatibility, good filler dispersion, and enhanced composite properties. Controlled growth of silica up to 25 parts per hundred rubber (phr) is carried out with the solution sol–gel process using tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) as a silica precursor. Mechanical and dynamical properties of the composites are found to improve consistently as silica content increases. Furthermore, treatment of maleic anhydride grafted EPDM by γ-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane (γ-APS) results in remarkable improvement in composite properties even at the same silica content. This is attributed to the generation of uniformly dispersed spherically shaped nanosilica throughout the rubber matrix as observed in a transmission electron microscopic (TEM) study. This contributes to enhanced crosslinking density and improved rubber–filler interaction. In fact, the reinforcement effect brought by in situ silica relative to unmodified in situ silica/EPDM composites is found to be much higher than that reported in recent work on EPDM/in situ silica composites even with higher silica loading. The mechanical, rheological, and dynamic mechanical behaviors of all the composites are evaluated and compared in detail.</jats:p