Setting EU Threshold Values for continuous underwater sound

The purpose of the present document is to give guidance on the setting of EU threshold values related to anthropogenic continuous noise in water1. Such guidance is meant to be used by regulators and managers of the EU Member States (MS) aiming to achieve Good Environmental Status of their marine waters, as requested by the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD)2. This document is intended to inform managers and other stakeholders of practical options for setting threshold values for continuous sound. The rationale for setting regional conditions to evaluate the status of habitat is explained. Practical examples that illustrate regional approaches are demonstrated in detail. Finally, and most important to managers, options for setting threshold values for continuous sound are illustrated.JRC.D.2 - Ocean and Wate

Setting EU Threshold Values for impulsive underwater sound

The purpose of the present document is to give guidance on the setting of EU threshold values related to anthropogenic impulsive noise in the water. Such guidance is meant to be used by regulators and managers of the EU Member States (MS) aiming to achieve Good Environmental Status of their marine waters, as requested by the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD). In this report, a clarification of the assessment framework is done based on concepts of habitat, effect ranges and habitat degradation. The guidance is based on the earlier work done by TG Noise in deliverable 1 (DL 1) providing a common methodology for the setting of EU threshold values for impulsive sound and on results from the Harmonize project. An introduction is further given on the Level of Onset of Biological adverse Effects (LOBE), the noise level above which an adverse biological effect on an indicator species is expected to occur. It should be underlined that this document as well as the recommended threshold values are only dealing with displacement as a result of anthropogenic impulsive noise. A dual threshold approach is proposed recognising both temporal and spatial variability of potential disturbance effects related to exposure to underwater impulsive noise, where short-term is defined as 1 day, long-term is defined as 1 year and long-run is defined as the time it takes before a negative effect on the population occurs, which often is longer than one year.JRC.D.2 - Ocean and Wate

ZnO Nanorods via Spray Deposition of Solutions Containing Zinc Chloride and Thiocarbamide

In this work we present the results on formation of ZnO nanorods prepared by spray of aqueous solutions containing ZnCl2and thiocarbamide (tu) at different molar ratios. It has been observed that addition of thiocarbamide into the spray solution has great impact on the size, shape and phase composition of the ZnO crystals. Obtained layers were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) equipped with energy selected backscattered electron detection system (ESB), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and photoluminescence spectroscopy (PL). Small addition of thiocarbamide into ZnCl2solution (ZnCl2:tu = 1:0.25) supports development of significantly thinner ZnO nanorods with higher aspect ratio compared to those obtained from ZnCl2solution. Diameter of ZnO rods decreases from 270 to 100 nm and aspect ratio increases from ∼2.5 to 12 spraying ZnCl2and ZnCl2:tu solutions, respectively. According to XRD, well crystallized (002) orientated pure wurtzite ZnO crystals have been formed. However, tiny ‘spot’—like formations of ZnS were detected on the side planes of hexagonal rods prepared from the thiocarbamide containing solutions. Being adsorbed on the side facets of the crystals ZnS inhibits width growth and promotes longitudinalc-axis growth

The influence of ferrous ions on the efficiency of aqueous photocatalytic oxidation of 2-ethoxy ethanol

The complex influence of ferrous ions on the efficiency of aqueous photocatalytic oxidation (PCO) of 2-ethoxyethanol (2-EE) was examined. A drastic efficiency increase at lower concentrations of ferrous ions was observed to change to a sharp decrease at higher concentrations. An explanation was proposed for the observed phenomena based on the low sensitivity of the pollutant towards radical-oxidation reactions and the competitive adsorption of metallic ions and 2-EE on the TiO2 surface

The Influence of Iron Ions on the Aqueous Photocatalytic Oxidation of Deicing Agents

An experimental research into aqueous photocatalytic oxidation (PCO) of the deicing compounds, 2-ethoxyethanol (2-EE), diethylene glycol monomethyl ether (DEGMME), and ethylene glycol (EG) was undertaken. The addition of iron ions to the acidic aqueous solutions to be treated displayed complex influence on the oxidation efficiency of the above mentioned substances, resulting in a sharp increase of the PCO efficiency at smaller concentrations of iron ions followed by a drastic decrease with the increasing iron ion concentrations. The phenomena observed can be explained by the electron scavenging effect of the iron ions and the competitive adsorption of iron ions and the oxidized substances on titanium dioxide surface. The carbonic acids determined as the PCO by-products allow outlining some reaction pathways for the substances under consideration

Experimental determination of elastic constants of an orthotropic composite plate by using lamb waves

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