The rise of policy coherence for development: a multi-causal approach

In recent years policy coherence for development (PCD) has become a key principle in international development debates, and it is likely to become even more relevant in the discussions on the post-2015 sustainable development goals. This article addresses the rise of PCD on the Western donors’ aid agenda. While the concept already appeared in the work of Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) in the early 1990s, it took until 2007 before PCD became one of the Organisation’s key priorities. We adopt a complexity-sensitive perspective, involving a process-tracing analysis and a multi-causal explanatory framework. We argue that the rise of PCD is not as contingent as it looks. While actors such as the EU, the DAC and OECD Secretariat were the ‘active causes’ of the rise of PCD, it is equally important to look at the underlying ‘constitutive causes’ which enabled policy coherence to thrive well

Pyramica aschnae Makhan, 2007, sp. nov.

Pyramica aschnae sp. nov. (Figs. 3, 4) Holotype: worker, Suriname, Carolina Creek, 6.4.1996, coll. D. Makhan (only the holotype). Description (holotype worker): Length 1.95 mm. Colour yellow-brown. Total head length 0.9 mm, width 0.4 mm, with fine hairs. Mandible length 0.41 mm, with 6 small inner teeth and with fine hairs. Eyes large. Antennae yellow-brown, scape with fine hairs. Mesosoma length 0.5 mm, width 0.22 mm. Petiole width 0.05 mm, postpetiole width 0.1 mm, with fine hairs. Spongiform appendages absent. Gaster length 0.4 mm, width 0.3 mm and with fine hairs. Etymology: This species is named after my daughter Aschnakiran Makhan.Published as part of Makhan, D., 2007, Six new Pyramica species from Suriname (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)., pp. 1-7 in Calodema Supplementary Paper 24 on pages 2-

Discothyrea soesilae Makhan, 2007, sp. nov.

Discothyrea soesilae sp. nov. (Figs. 1-3) Holotype: worker, Suriname, Kasikasima, 27.3.1996, coll. D. Makhan (only the holotype). Description (holotype worker): Length 1.20 mm. Colour brown, smooth and shiny. Total head length 0.50 mm, width 0.42 mm, with short erect hair, mandible length 0.10 mm, inner teeth absent, and with about 30 fine long hairs on de dorsal side. Antennae brown, scape with fine hairs, club length 0.21 mm, width 0.15 mm. Mesosoma 0.50 mm, width 0.30 mm, with short erect hairs. Petiole width 0.10 mm, with short erect hairs. Gaster 0.55 mm, width 0.42 mm, with short erect hair. Legs are brown. Etymology: This species is named after my wife Soesila Makhan. Comments: Discothyrea soesilae sp. nov. is very similar to Discothyrea horni Menozzi, (1927) from Panama. The mandible of Discothyrea horni Menozzi has a dense covering of moderately long thick hairs, while the mandible of Discothyrea soesilae sp. nov. has about 30 long fine hairs. The distance between the antennae is wide in D. horni but narrow in D. soesilae sp. nov.Published as part of Makhan, D., 2007, Discothyrea soesilae sp. nov. from Suriname (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)., pp. 1-3 in Calodema Supplementary Paper 27 on page

Pyramica wani Makhan, 2007, sp. nov.

Pyramica wani sp. nov. (Figs. 11 - 12) Holotype: worker, Suriname, Nieuw Amsterdam, 30.3.1996, coll. D. Makhan (only the holotype). Description (holotype worker): Length 1.8 mm. Colour yellow-brown. Total head length 0.7 mm, width 0.45 mm, with spatulate hairs. mandible length 0.25 mm, large, inner teeth absent and with thick hairs. Eyes large. Antennae yellow-brown, scape with spatulate hairs. Mesosoma length 0.5 mm, width 0.3 mm, with spatulate hairs. Petiole with 0.1 mm, postpetiole width 0.15 mm, with spatulate hairs. Spongiform appendages absent. Gaster length 0.5 mm, width 0.4 mm, with spatulate hairs. Etymology: This species is named after my son Rishwan Makhan.Published as part of Makhan, D., 2007, Six new Pyramica species from Suriname (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)., pp. 1-7 in Calodema Supplementary Paper 24 on page

Pyramica aschnakiranae Makhan, 2007, sp. nov.

Pyramica aschnakiranae sp. nov. (Figs. 5, 6) Holotype: worker, Suriname, Kasikasima, 27.3.1996, coll. D. Makhan. Paratypes: 9 workers. Description (holotype worker): Length 2.10 mm. Colour yellow-brown. Total head length 0.9 mm, width 0.4 mm, with thick hairs, mandible length 0.4 mm and with 9 small inner teeth. Eyes large. Antennae yellowbrown, scape with thick hairs. Mesosoma 0.45 mm, width 0.31 mm, with thick hairs. Petiole width 0.15 mm, postpetiole width 0.11 mm, with thick hairs. Spongiform appendages absent. Gaster length 0.6 mm, width 0.45 mm, with thick hairs.Published as part of Makhan, D., 2007, Six new Pyramica species from Suriname (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)., pp. 1-7 in Calodema Supplementary Paper 24 on pages 3-

Pheidole soesilae Makhan, 2007, sp. nov.

Pheidole soesilae sp. nov. (Figs. 1-2) Holotype: major worker, Suriname, Mt. Kasikasima, 27.3.1996, coll. D. Makhan (only the holotype). Description (holotype major worker): Length 8.2 mm. Colour dark-brown. Total head length 3.7 mm, width 3.0 mm. Entire head carinulate, mandible length 0.7 mm. Eyes small. Antennae dark-brown, scape with short hairs. Mesosoma length 2.0 mm, width 1.1 mm, with short hairs. Petiole length 0.3 mm, width 0.5 mm. Postpetiole length 0.5 mm, width 0.7 mm. Gaster length 2.2 mm, width 2.1 mm, with short hairs. Etymology: This species is named after my wife, Soesila Makhan. Remarks: Pheidole soesilae sp. nov. is very similar to Pheidole arcifera (Santschi, 1925) from Brazil, but there is a difference in the shape of the carinulae on the lateral side of the head. All carinulae in Pheidole arcifera Santschi are broken shaped, while the whole length of the carinulae in Pheidole soesilae sp. nov. is unbroken.Published as part of Makhan, D., 2007, Pheidole soesilae sp. nov. from Suriname (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)., pp. 1-2 in Calodema Supplementary Paper 59 on page

Pyramica kiranae Makhan, 2007, sp. nov.

Pyramica kiranae sp. nov. (Figs. 7, 8) Description (holotype worker): Length 2.0 mm. Colour yellow-brown. Total head length 0.7 mm, width 0.6 mm, with spatulate hairs, mandible length 0.35 mm, long, with 5 inner teeth, curved to anterior side and with thick hairs. Eyes small. Antennae yellow-brown, scape with spatulate hairs. Mesosoma length 04 mm, width 0.32 mm, with spatulate hairs. Petiole length 0.1 mm, postpetiole width 0.11 mm, with spatulate hairs. Spongiform appendages absent. Gaster length 0.6 mm, width 0.15 mm, with spatulate hairs. Etymology: This species is named after my daughter Aschnakiran Makhan.Published as part of Makhan, D., 2007, Six new Pyramica species from Suriname (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)., pp. 1-7 in Calodema Supplementary Paper 24 on pages 4-

Pyramica rishwani Makhan, 2007, sp. nov.

Pyramica rishwani sp. nov. (Figs. 9, 10) Holotype: worker, Suriname, Kasikasima, 27.3.1996, coll. D. Makhan. Paratypes: 2 workers. Description (holotype worker): Length 2.6 mm. Colour yellow-brown. Total head length 0.7 mm, width 0.6 mm mandible length 0.4 mm, large, inner teeth absent and with thick hairs. Eyes small. Antennae yellowbrown, scape with spatulate hairs. Mesosoma 0.7 mm - 0.4 mm, with thick hairs. Petiole width 0.1 mm, postpetiole 0.15 mm, with thick hairs. Spongiform appendages absent. Gaster length 0.7 mm, width 0.6 mm, with thick hairs. Etymology: This species is named after my son Rishwan Makhan.Published as part of Makhan, D., 2007, Six new Pyramica species from Suriname (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)., pp. 1-7 in Calodema Supplementary Paper 24 on pages 5-

The European Union and Global Development: An Enlightened Superpower

Lettere En WysbegeerteSentrum vir Chinese StudiesPlease help us populate SUNScholar with the post print version of this article. It can be e-mailed to: [email protected]