Executive Agencies, Ministers, and Departments: Can Policy and Management Ever be Separated?

The creation of executive agencies outside core departments has been a major element of administrative reforms throughout Europe during the past two decades, driven by a managerial logic, which also has been at the core of most academic works on "agencification." In this article, the authors take a different perspective by focusing on executive agencies' influence in the policy process. The authors analyze the policy influence of a large executive agency with service delivery tasks in the context of a parliamentary system of government (Flanders, Belgium). A comparison of the agency's influence in two major policy processes shows that a complex interplay of policy content, patterns of interaction, and mutual trust with the political leadership and organizational characteristics helps in explaining the observed patterns of influence. The findings also raise normative concerns regarding potential problems of disconnecting operations from policy formulation via agencification. © 2012 SAGE Publications

Beyond the public and private divide: Remapping transnational climate governance in de 21th century

This article provides a first step towards a better theoretical and empirical knowledge of the emerging arena of transnational climate governance. The need for such a re-conceptualization emerges from the increasing relevance of non-state and transnational approaches towards climate change mitigation at a time when the intergovernmental negotiation process has to overcome substantial stalemate and the international arena becomes increasingly fragmented. Based on a brief discussion of the increasing trend towards transnationalization and functional segmentation of the global climate governance arena, we argue that a remapping of climate governance is necessary and needs to take into account different spheres of authority beyond the public and international. Hence, we provide a brief analysis of how the public/private divide has been conceptualized in Political Science and International Relations. Subsequently, we analyse the emerging transnational climate governance arena. Analytically, we distinguish between different manifestations of transnational climate governance on a continuum ranging from delegated and shared public-private authority to fully non-state and private responses to the climate problem. We suggest that our remapping exercise presented in this article can be a useful starting point for future research on the role and relevance of transnational approaches to the global climate crisis

PERAN ORANG TUA DALAM MEMBINA NILAI KARAKTER ANAK DI KECAMATAN SIMPANG TIGA ACEH BESAR

ABSTRAKRahmayanti KS, Sri. 2016. Peran Orang Tua Dalam Membina Nilai Karakter Anak di Kecamatan Simpang Tiga Kabupaten Aceh Besar. Skripsi, Jurusan Pendidikan Kesejahteraan Keluarga, Fakultas Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan, Universitas Syiah Kuala. Pembimbing:(1)Dr. Anizar Ahmad, M.Pd., (2). Dra. Fitriana, M.SI.Kata Kunci: Nilai Karakter Anak, Peran Orang TuaPeran orang tua adalah partisipasi atau kesadaran jiwa orang tua untuk memperdulikan anaknya, terutama dalam hal memberikan dan memenuhi kebutuhan hidup anaknya baik dari segi sosial maupun material. Penelitian ini untuk mengetahui usaha orang tua dalam membina nilai karakter anak di Kecamatan Simpang Tiga Kabupaten Aceh Besar. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk (1) mengetahui usaha yang dilakukan orang tua dalam membina nilai karakter anak dan (2) mengetahui sistem pengawasan yang diterapkan oleh orang tua terhadap anak. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode deskriptif kuantitatif. Data penelitian ini bersumber dari orang tua yang memiliki anak usia 4 sampai 10 tahun berjumlah 28 keluarga, pengumpulan data menggunakan kuisioner. Pengolahan data penelitian ini menggunakan rumus persentase. Simpulan penelitian ini berpengaruh pada usaha orang tua dalam membina nilai karakter anak, walau sebagian kecil yang mengetahui nilai-nilai karakter, tetapi sebagian besar sudah berusaha menanamkan nilai karakter tersebut. Lebih dari setengah responden menanamkan nilai religius kepada anak dengan tujuan agar anak mempunyai akhlak yang mulia kedepannya. Sedangkan yang berperan dalam membina nilai karakter anak adalah suami dan istri. Sistem pengawasan yang diterapkan orang tua berpengaruh terhadap pembentukkan nilai karakter anak. Seluruh anak termasuk kedalam katagori anak yang mudah bersahabat. Penanaman nilai karakter pada anak di mulai pada awal masa kanak-kanak ketika berumur 2-6 tahun. Responden juga menerapkan perilaku disiplin kepada anak karena usia awal kanak-kanak merupakan usia yang masih rentan, dan akan meniru semua yang dikerjakan oleh orang tuanya. Saran untuk orang tua agar dapat mendidik anaknya dengan baik, tidak mengedepankan emosi, dapat meluangkan waktu, adanya komunikasi yang dibina orang tua dengan anak, dan jangan bersikap apatis terhadap apa yang dikerjakan sianak

Sexual Cannibalism: High Incidence in a Natural Population with Benefits to Females

10 pages, 3 figures.[Background] Sexual cannibalism may be a form of extreme sexual conflict in which females benefit more from feeding on males than mating with them, and males avoid aggressive, cannibalistic females in order to increase net fitness. A thorough understanding of the adaptive significance of sexual cannibalism is hindered by our ignorance of its prevalence in nature. Furthermore, there are serious doubts about the food value of males, probably because most studies that attempt to document benefits of sexual cannibalism to the female have been conducted in the laboratory with non-natural alternative prey. Thus, to understand more fully the ecology and evolution of sexual cannibalism, field experiments are needed to document the prevalence of sexual cannibalism and its benefits to females.[Methodology/Principal Findings] We conducted field experiments with the Mediterranean tarantula (Lycosa tarantula), a burrowing wolf spider, to address these issues. At natural rates of encounter with males, approximately a third of L. tarantula females cannibalized the male. The rate of sexual cannibalism increased with male availability, and females were more likely to kill and consume an approaching male if they had previously mated with another male. We show that females benefit from feeding on a male by breeding earlier, producing 30% more offspring per egg sac, and producing progeny of higher body condition. Offspring of sexually cannibalistic females dispersed earlier and were larger later in the season than spiderlings of non-cannibalistic females.[Conclusions/Significance] In nature a substantial fraction of female L. tarantula kill and consume approaching males instead of mating with them. This behaviour is more likely to occur if the female has mated previously. Cannibalistic females have higher rates of reproduction, and produce higher-quality offspring, than non-cannibalistic females. Our findings further suggest that female L. tarantula are nutrient-limited in nature and that males are high-quality prey. The results of these field experiments support the hypothesis that sexual cannibalism is adaptive to females.This paper has been written under a Ramón y Cajal research contract from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Technology (MCYT) to JML and an I3P-BPD2004-CSIC scholarship to RRB. This work has been funded by MEC grants CGL2004-03153 and CGL2007-60520 to JML, MARG, RRB, CFM and DHW.Peer reviewe

Identities and preferences in corporate political strategizing

This conceptual article draws on structuration theory and social identity theory to isolate firm-internal institutionalization processes as antecedents and drivers of corporate political strategizing. Path dependencies in corporate routines and actors' knowledgeability about these path dependencies are singled out as primary factors structuring strategic decision making within the firm. The concepts of path dependency and knowledgeability, respectively, refer to the institutional and cognitive dimension of corporate political strategizing. These two dimensions come together in actors' identities. Identities on their turn shape managers' recognition of policy issues and the interpretation of issue salience relative to corporate interests. Thus, the article argues that institutional features of competitive environments precipitate in processes of identity building and preference formation and are reproduced through organizational routines and practices within the firm. © 2006 Sage Publications

Negative incentive steering in a policy network

In this article the process of developing a policy for the recent comprehensive retrenchment operation in the Dutch university system is analysed from a theoretical point of view on decisionmaking. The article especially addresses the question whether some empirical evidence can be found for the rationalist view of collective decision-making, which states that a process of social communication should eventually lead to a unanimous and rational consensus concerning the selection of the optimal policy.\ud \ud The actual analysis concerns the way a retrenchment policy has been developed in a process of social communication between the most important actors: the Minister of Education and Science and the thirteen Dutch universities. It is assumed that the various communicative linkages between these actors can be interpreted as a policy network in which both governmental and non-governmental actors operate.\ud \ud The article concludes that in the Dutch university policy-network a complicated balance of interdependencies exists and that several sub-networks can be distinguished. It is also concluded that the Minister, while recognizing the interdependencies in the network, was able to use a special kind of (negative) incentive, inducing the universities to act as he wished.\ud \ud This negative incentive steering, however, also persuaded the universities to go to the utmost in their consultation efforts, thus trying to reach the rationalist ideal of collective decision-making. The final conclusion therefore is that the rationalist view of collective decision-making does not appear to be unrealistic. The article ends with a warning against a common mistake made regarding the normative appearance of the rationalist perspective

Evolution von Staatlichkeit—mit einem Exkurs zu N. Elias’„Soziogenese des Staates“

"Wenn man 'Staat' nicht normativ als wohldefiniertes Gefüge aufeinander verweisender Institutionen legitimer Ordnung, sondern als gewachsene soziale Institution betrachtet, wenn man also die Evolution staatlich legitimierter und sanktionierter Interventionen in die Gesellschaft aus politisch-soziologischer Perspektive funktional untersucht, dann tauchen neue Muster 'staatlicher' Funktionalität im zunehmend global interdependenten sozio-ökonomischen Geschehen auf. Der Beitrag behandelt in diesem Zusammenhang die folgenden Fragen: Wie versuchen neuere Staatstheorien den funktionalen Wandel staatlicher Instanzen im gesellschaftlichen Gefüge zu erfassen und zu erklären? Was leisten Norbert Elias' Zivilisations- und Staatsbildungstheorie sowie Figurationstheorie für eine empirische Analyse der Evolution und Funktionsbestimmung (nach-)moderner Staatlichkeit? Liefert der Blick auf Staatlichkeit in evolutionärer Perspektive Ansatzpunkte für eine 'aufgeklarte Staatstheorie'? Welche Aufgabenfolgen daraus für die theoretische und empirische Erforschung gegenwärtiger und möglicher künftiger Funktionen von Staatlichkeit?

Enacting governance through strategy:A comparative study on governance configurations in Sydney and Vienna

International audienceOver the past two decades, research has emphasised a shift from city government to urban gov- ernance. Such a shift brings about its very own challenges, namely governance gaps, uncertain configurations in governance and a limited capacity to act. In this paper, we argue that the concur- rent rise of strategy documents in city administration addresses these challenges. Our central claim is that strategy documents can be understood as a distinct discursive device through which local governments enact aspired governance configurations. We illustrate our argument empiri- cally using two prominent examples that, while showing similar features and characteristics, are anchored in different administrative traditions and institutional frameworks: the city administra- tions of Sydney, Australia, and Vienna, Austria. The contribution of the paper is to show how strategy documents enact governance configurations along four core dimensions: the setting in space and time, the definition of the public, the framing of the res publica and legitimacy issues. Moreover, our comparative analysis of Sydney and Vienna gives evidence of differences in govern- ance configurations enacted through strategy documents

Institutionelle Arrangements und Formen der Handlungskoordination im Mehrebenensystem der USA

Das Verhältnis zwischen den Politikebenen im Mehrebenensystem der USA kann durch drei Typen charakterisiert werden: erstens die zentrale Regulierung, d.h. die hierarchische Koordination der Politikebenen. Zweitens die dezentrale Regulierung, die sowohl den regulativen Wettbewerb als auch die Entstehung horizontaler Verhandlungssysteme zwischen den Einzelstaaten umfasst. Beide Formen verlieren an Bedeutung, da sich stattdessen mehr und mehr ein dritter Typus, die Mehrebenenregulierung, durchsetzt. Dargestellt werden zwei Varianten dieser neuartigen institutionellen Arrangements, die den beiden anderen Typen der Regulierung überlegen sind: Zum einen wird der Wettbewerb zwischen den Politikebenen durch eine Kombination hierarchischer Elemente mit dem regulativen Wettbewerb zwischen den Einzelstaaten gefördert, z.B. durch die Festsetzung nationaler Mindeststandards. Zum anderen kann ein Wandel der intergouvernementalen Beziehungen beobachtet werden, der die Entstehung vertikaler Verhandlungssysteme zwischen dem Bund und den Einzelstaaten begünstigt. Die Entwicklung in den USA zeigt, dass bei der Kombination institutioneller Arrangements auf hierarchische Elemente kaum verzichtet werden kann. Außerdem kann man feststellen, dass dynamische Politikentwicklungen nicht nur aus dem regulativen Wettbewerb zwischen den Einzelstaaten, sondern auch aus dem Wettbewerb zwischen den Politikebenen resultieren können.The relationship between the policy levels in the U.S. multi-level system can be characterized by three types: first, central regulation, i.e. the hierarchical coordination of the policy levels. Second, decentral regulation comprising regulatory competition as well as the emergence of horizontal joint-decision systems between the states. Both forms lose importance as a third type, multi-level regulation, becomes prevalent. Two variants of these novel institutional arrangements that are superior to both other types of regulation, are described. On the one hand, competition between the policy levels is stimulated by a combination of hierarchical elements with the regulative competition between the states, e.g., by setting national minimum standards. On the other hand, a change of the intergovernmental relations between the federal government and the states can be observed, fostering the emergence of vertical joint-decision systems. The U.S. development shows that hierarchical elements are hardly dispensable when institutional arrangements are combined. Moreover, it can be seen that dynamic policy developments result not only from regulative competition between states but also from competition between policy levels