Alternate phenotype–genotype selection for developing superior high-yielding irrigated rice lines

Increase grain yield potential is one of the most important objectives of any cereal crop breeding program. To efficiently develop superior rice lines by the introgression of favorable alleles for yield and yield component traits, a strategy of alternate phenotype–genotype selection was used. The present study aimed to (i) investigate the allelic diversity of loci associated with major yield-component traits and (ii) phenotype and genotype advanced populations derived from crosses between NERICA-L-20 and Giza178 for yield component traits using agro-morphological descriptors and GRiSP polymorphic markers to select superior high-yielding rice lines. A total of 100 F2:3 progeny were selected from 1000 F2 plants and genotyped with 16 polymorphic markers linked to four major yield- component traits. Four promising F2:3 lines (ARS 563–14, ARS 563–62, ARS 563–286, and ARS 563–41) bearing combinations of desirable alleles were selected. A selected set of 20 F2:4 lines showed moderate to high heritability for all target traits. Fourteen F2:5 lines derived from ARS 563–14 and 17 F2:5 from ARS 563–286 families were evaluated in preliminary trials to estimate yield gain. The three top lines, ARS 563–286–16-1-1, ARS 563–286–5-1-1, and ARS 563–14–10-1-1, showed an increase of more than 10% grain yield over the best check, Sahel 108, which is widely cultivated in the Senegal River valley. The 16 markers linked to the target yield component traits can be used to fast-track breeding programs targeting rice productivity

Complete Solving for Explicit Evaluation of Gauss Sums in the Index 2 Case

Let $p$ be a prime number, $q=p^f$ for some positive integer $f$, $N$ be a positive integer such that $\gcd(N,p)=1$, and let \k be a primitive multiplicative character of order $N$ over finite field \fq. This paper studies the problem of explicit evaluation of Gauss sums in "\textsl{index 2 case}" (i.e. f=\f{\p(N)}{2}=[\zn:\pp], where \p(\cd) is Euler function). Firstly, the classification of the Gauss sums in index 2 case is presented. Then, the explicit evaluation of Gauss sums G(\k^\la) (1\laN-1) in index 2 case with order $N$ being general even integer (i.e. N=2^{r}\cd N_0 where $r,N_0$ are positive integers and $N_03$ is odd.) is obtained. Thus, the problem of explicit evaluation of Gauss sums in index 2 case is completely solved

A note on the sign (unit root) ambiguities of Gauss sums in index 2 and 4 cases

Recently, the explicit evaluation of Gauss sums in the index 2 and 4 cases have been given in several papers (see [2,3,7,8]). In the course of evaluation, the sigh (or unit root) ambiguities are unavoidably occurred. This paper presents another method, different from [7] and [8], to determine the sigh (unit root) ambiguities of Gauss sums in the index 2 case, as well as the ones with odd order in the non-cyclic index 4 case. And we note that the method in this paper are more succinct and effective than [8] and [7]

Prevalence et facteurs associes a l’halitose buccale : Etude dans une population generale senegalaise

Introduction: Halitosis is a common complain among dental patients, chronic among 50% of the adult population, and of oral origin in 90% of the cases. The objective of this study was to evaluate the prevalence and related factors of oral halitosis among a senegalese population. Material and method: This was a transversal descriptive study of 396 Senegalese adults using a 24-point self-assessment questionnaire on halitosis. All subjects were examined to estimate the organoleptic means and to measure the Sulfur Volatile Compounds (SVC), using a halimeter. Halitosis was diagnosed when the level of sulfur volatile Compound was ≥125 ppb and the organoleptic score ≥ 2. Data were statistically analyzed using the chi2 test. Results: The global prevalence of halitosis was 32.3 %. The difference was not statistically significant between male and female. Among the 396 patients suffering from bad breath, 128 had a permanent halitosis and 52 had a physiological halitosis. The means of the organoleptic scores were 3.12 and that of the (SVC) were 273.9 ppb. Conclusion: The results of the study showed a relation between the organoleptic tests and the level of sulfur volatile compounds (SVC). Keywords: Halitosis, organoleptic tests, sulfur volatile compound, epidemiology, and self-assessment

Systèmes à libération contrôlée pH-dépendants de principes actifs hydrophobes à partir d’oléogels

Les rhumatismes inflammatoires chroniques sont une cause importante d'invalidité dans le monde entier. De ce fait, les affections rhumatismales chroniques font peser une lourde charge sociale et économique sur toutes les sociétés, pas seulement sur celles où l’espérance de vie est élevée. L’objectif principal de ce travail était d’étudier le profil de libération pH-dépendante de principes actifs hydrophobes à partir d’oléogels oraux et/ou cutanés. La formulation des oléogels a été réalisée selon une méthode sol-gel, reproductible à grande échelle. La caractérisation et le suivi dans le temps ont montré une bonne stabilité des oléogels. Les valeurs de pH des oléogels étaient globalement acides (entre 4,3 et 5,8) et dépendaient de la quantité de gélifiant utilisée. Les études de libération du kétoprofène, principe actif hydrophobe, en fonction du pH des milieux de dissolution ont montré des profils de libération d’une cinétique du premier ordre d’équation =+. avec des coefficients de détermination proches de 1 (milieux à pH égal à 1,2 et 5,5). Une meilleure libération du kétoprofène a été obtenue dans un milieu intestinal simulé (pH égal à 6,8) pour les formulations qui présentaient déjà une saturation en milieu gastrique simulé (pH égal à 1,2). Cette étude qui a permis de formuler, d’évaluer et de modéliser le profil de libération du kétoprofène à partir d’oléogels peut constituer une étape importante dans un objectif de souveraineté thérapeutique des pays d’Afrique subsaharienne notamment le Sénégal.Mots clés : Oléogels, rhumatismes inflammatoires chroniques, kétoprofène, libération contrôlée, pH-dépendant.   English Title: pH-dependent controlled release systems of hydrophobic active pharmaceutical ingredients from oleogels Chronic inflammatory rheumatism is a major cause of disability around the world. As a result, chronic rheumatic diseases place a heavy social and economic burden on all societies, not just those with high life expectancy. The main objective of this work was to control the pH-dependent release of hydrophobic active pharmaceutical ingredients from oral and / or skin oleogels. The formulation of the oleogels was carried out using a sol-gel large-scale reproducible method. Characterization and monitoring over time have shown good stability of the oleogels. The pH values of the oleogels were overall acid (between 4.3 and 5.8) and depended on the amount of gelling agent used. The release studies of ketoprofen, a hydrophobic active pharmaceutical ingredient, as a function of the pH of the dissolution media have shown release profiles of first-order kinetics of equation =+. with coefficients of determination close to 1 (media at pH equal to 1.2 and 5.5). Better release of ketoprofen was obtained in simulated intestinal medium (pH equal to 6.8) for formulations which already exhibited saturation in simulated gastric medium (pH equal to 1.2). This study, which made it possible to formulate, evaluate and model the release profile of ketoprofen from oleogels, may constitute an important step in an objective of therapeutic sovereignty of the countries of sub-Saharan Africa, particularly Senegal.Keywords: oleogels - chronic inflammatory rheumatism - ketoprofen - controlled release – pH-dependent

Quadratic Gauss Sums

AbstractLetpbe a prime integer andmbe an integer, not divisible byp. LetKbe the splitting field ofXm−1 over the prime field Fp. Solving the Gauss sums problem of ordermin characteristicpmeans determining Gauss sums of all multiplicative characters ofKof order dividingm. Our aim is to solve this problem when the subgroup 〈p〉 is of index 2 in (Z/mZ)*

Evaluation of Masticatory Function of Senegalese Patients for Removable Partial Dentures Wearers with Distal Extension Edentulism

International audienceBackground/Aim. The aim of this study was to evaluate the masticatory function of subjects wearing a metalpartial denture restoring Kennedy’s class I and II edentulism and to compare them with a control group.Methods. The evaluation included 68 patients (33 wearers of removable partial metal denture restoring terminaledentulism and 35 dentate control subjects without appliances). Peanut and raw carrot were used as test foods.Video recordings were used to collect values for the number of chewing cycles and chewing times. After passingthrough the calibrated sieves, a “Mastica” input mask was used to record the average particle size of the chews(D50).Results. In the 33 subjects with removable partial denture (RPD), 82% of whom had Kennedy class I edentulismand 18% had class II edentulism. Among them, 54.5% were women and 45.5% were men. The age group 46-71years was predominantly represented in this study with 75.7%. The subjects who had worn their prostheses for6 months were in the majority with 57.57% of the population. Concerning the length of edentulism (LE), 42.4%had a small LE, 39.4% a medium LE and 18.2% a large LE For both test foods, the number of chewing cycles wastwice as high with RDP wearers compared to the control subjects. For the duration of the sequence, subjectswith RDP performed twice as long for the carrot and three times as long for the peanut to make the food suitablefor swallowing. The average D50 of RDP subjects was similar to that of the control subjects, i.e. 1.90 mm ± 0.19(D50 peanut control: 1.93 ± 0.5) and 1.74 mm ± 0.36 (D50 carrot control: 1.79 mm ± 0.44) for peanut and carrotrespectively.Conclusion. This study revealed that subjects with RPD restoring distal extension edentulism had efficientcompensatory chewing with a greater number and time of chewing sequences than randomly selected normodentsubjects. The comparative analysis between the chewing kinetic parameters of the RPD wearers and controlsubjects was statistically significant