Constitutional Complaint and the Protection of Citizens the Constitutional Rights

Constitutional complaint is one of important issues to be dealt with by severral countries issues adopting constitutional court in their national legal system and the Federal Constitutional Court Germany (Bundesverfassungsgericht) is considered by expert as one of the most advance mechanism among countries in dealing with the issue. Generally speaking, constitutional complaint can be described as a complaint or lawsuit filed by an individual citizen who deems his or her constitutional right (s) has been violates by act or omission of public institution or public official. Mostly, such a complaint can only be filed it theere is no other legal remedy available or all legal remedies available have been exhausted. The Constitutional Court of The Republic of Indonesia however is not entrusted with authority to hear constitutional complaint case not withstanding the fact that statistical data on judicial review cases filed by many petitioners before the Court were substantially constitutional complaint issues. It means that, empirically giving the Court to hear constitutional complaint case is necessarily pivotal and theoritically, the Court has the very foundation to be entrusted withq such authority. Considering the complex mechanism to amend the Constitution of 1945, which exhaustively deserible the court\u27s authorities, this article offers the lawmaker a theoretical insight tio give the Court a limited authority to hear constitutional complaint case by the way of amending the law on Constitutional Court

Yang “Terlepas” dari Kewenangan Mahkamah Konstitusi RI:Pengaduan Konstitusional (Constitutional Complaint)

Mahkamah Konstitusi dalam sistem ketatanegaraan negara-negara di dunia, memiliki tugas untuk mengawal agar ketentuan-ketentuan konstitusi benar-benar ditaati atau terjelma dalam praktik kehidupan bernegara. Oleh karena itu Mahkamah Konstitusi dikatakan sebagai pengawal konstitusi (the guardian of the constitution). Sejarah pemikiran pembentukan Mahkamah Konstitusi dimulai setelah berakhirnya Perang Dunia Pertama. Saat itu beberapa negara Eropa bertekad menemukan cara untuk “memaksa” pembentuk undang (legislature) menaati konstitusi melalui jalan peradilan. Inilah yang kemudian melahirkan mekanisme pengujian undang-undang (judicial review). Di banyak negara juga diberikan kewenangan untuk memutus perkara-perkara pengaduan konstitusional (constitutional complaint), yakni pengaduan atau gugatan yang diajukan oleh perorangan warga negara ke Mahkamah Konstitusi terhadap perbuatan atau kelalaian suatu lembaga publik yang mengakibatkan terlanggarnya hak-hak atau kebebasan-kebebasan mendasar orang atau warga negara yang bersangkutan. Dalam sistem yang berlaku saat ini, jalan hukum yang tersedia bagi warga negara untuk mempertahankan hak-hak kons-titusionalnya melalui proses peradilan konstitusional di Mahkamah Konstitusi hanyalah mekanisme pengujian undang-undang terhadap undang-undang dasar. Dengan kata lain, sistem yang berlaku saat ini seolah-olah mengasumsikan bahwa pelanggaran terhadap hak-hak konstitusional warga negara itu hanya terjadi karena pembentuk undang-undang membuat undang-undang yang ternyata telah melanggar hak-hak konstitusional warga negara

Constitutional Complaint and the Protection of Citizens the Constitutional Rights

Constitutional complaint is one of important issues to be dealt with by severral countries issues adopting constitutional court in their national legal system and the Federal Constitutional Court Germany (Bundesverfassungsgericht) is considered by expert as one of the most advance mechanism among countries in dealing with the issue. Generally speaking, constitutional complaint can be described as a complaint or lawsuit filed by an individual citizen who deems his or her constitutional right (s) has been violates by act or omission of public institution or public official. Mostly, such a complaint can only be filed it theere is no other legal remedy available or all legal remedies available have been exhausted. The Constitutional Court of The Republic of Indonesia however is not entrusted with authority to hear constitutional complaint case not withstanding the fact that statistical data on judicial review cases filed by many petitioners before the Court were substantially constitutional complaint issues. It means that, empirically giving the Court to hear constitutional complaint case is necessarily pivotal and theoritically, the Court has the very foundation to be entrusted withq such authority. Considering the complex mechanism to amend the Constitution of 1945, which exhaustively deserible the court's authorities, this article offers the lawmaker a theoretical insight tio give the Court a limited authority to hear constitutional complaint case by the way of amending the law on Constitutional Court

Sistem Pakar Diagnosis Penyakit Kulit pada Kucing Menggunakan Metode Certainty Factor

Skin disease is a type of diseases that frequently infects pets especially cat. Cat that is infected the skin diseases, may initially looked fine. Based on interview with veterinarian who specializes in dogs and cats diseases, skin evaluation to the pets are considered to be very important. In some cases where skin diseases are not handled properly, it result in severe illness to the pets. Mostly veterinaries open up their practice only in big cities. Therefore most of the time, the cat owners are lazy to give proper treatment against the skin diseases that are suffered by their cats. Based on the problem above, it is neccessary to build an expert system that is able to support clinic and cat owners to diagnose the skin diseases of their pets. The certainty factor expert system will be used to detect every symptom that is suffered by cats. The new system will generate diagnosis of skin diseases for cats. The experiment results of this expert system indicate that the system is able to identify 91.6% accuracy of the type skin diseases. The result is obtained by the examination of 12 cats that suffer skin diseases in Moii Pet Care veterinary clinic

Welfare state vs globalisasi: gagasan negara kesejahteraan di Indonesia

Buku ini merupakan perkenalan awal tentang gagasan kesejahteraan yang tak dapat dilepaskan dari keberadaan hukum administrasi negara, yang secara tak terhindarkan harus berhadapan dengan globalisasi. Buku ini memberikan uraian mendalam yang berkaitan dengan sejarah kelahiran, penggolongan, cakupan-cakupan program, maupun perkembangan terkini negara kesejahteraan

Synthesis of titanium based hetero MOF photocatalyst for reduction of Cr (VI) from wastewater

Cr (VI) is one of the well-known toxic contaminant coming from leather tanning, metal finishing, textile industries etc. As per world health organization standard, limit for Cr (VI) in drinking water is 0.05 mg/l. In last few years, Metal organic framework (MOFs) based photocatalyst has find great interest for environmental remediation. In this work, titanium based MOFs NH2-MIL-125 and NTU-9 was integrated to make a hetero MOF NTU-9/NH2-MIL-125 (HMF) via refluxing method. It was characterized by XRD, TGA, FE-SEM, FT-IR, XPS, UV–vis (DRS) and PL etc. XRD indicates crystallinity and framework nature of all the synthesized MOFs. Thermal stability of HMF is improved to 520 °C in comparison to NTU-9. Diffuse reflectance spectra exhibit HMF having band gap of 2.2 eV absorbing up to 563 nm. BET surface area of NTU-9, NH2-MIL-125 and HMF were found to be 986, 1267 and 550 m²/g respectively indicating their microporous nature. In order to compare the photocatalytic activity, Cr (VI) solution was chosen a model wastewater. Because of more efficient charge separation, HMF is found to show better activity in comparison to both the contributing MOFs. Acidic condition favors the Cr (VI) reduction and HMF achieves 100% reduction within 90 min of visible light irradiation. In same time NTU-9 and NH2MIL-125 could exhibit only 35 and 55% reduction respectively. This study may give new direction to the study of hetero MOFs for environmental application

Preliminary study examining the mediational link between mild traumatic brain injury, acute stress, and post-traumatic stress symptoms following trauma

Background: The presence of mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) increases post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms in the months following injury. However, factors that link mTBI and PTSD development are still unclear. Acute stress responses after trauma have been associated with PTSD development. mTBI may impair cognitive functions and increase anxiety immediately after trauma. Objective: This research aimed to test the possibility that mTBI increases acute stress symptoms rapidly, which in turn results in PTSD development in the subsequent months. Method: Fifty-nine patients were recruited from the emergency rooms of local hospitals. Post-mTBI, acute stress, and PTSD symptom severity were measured using the Rivermead Post-Concussion Symptoms Questionnaire (RPQ), Acute Stress Disorder Scale (ASDS), and PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5), respectively. Results: Moderated mediation analysis indicated that ASDS, at 2 weeks post-trauma, mediated the relationship between RPQ scores at 2 weeks and PCL-5 scores at 3 months post-trauma, only for patients who met mTBI diagnostic criteria. Conclusions: These findings present preliminary evidence suggesting that acute stress disorder symptoms may be one of the mechanisms involved in the development of PTSD among trauma survivors who have experienced mTBI, which provides a theoretical basis for early intervention of PTSD prevention after mTBI