¿Cómo asociar variables cualitativas? Un procedimiento ordenado para utilizar pruebas Chi cuadrado de independencia y Regresión Logística

In order to test hypotheses in research work, carrying out Chi-square Independence tests or Logistic Regressions, it requires a series of steps from detecting the role of each variable to interpreting the results. The objective of this document is to recommend a procedure of ordered steps for carrying out and interpreting statistical analyzes of qualitative response variables, developed particularly with a pediatric example. Based on the information from the medical records of pediatric patients, under 2 years of age, who were hospitalized with a diagnosis of bronchiolitis, Chi square analyses, logistic regressions (simple and multiple) and Odds Ratios were obtained. The effects on mechanical respiratory support of Tal Score, Respiratory Syncytial Virus and heart rate were significant. It concludes with a functional procedures manual of 8 steps to take into account in order to carry out an optimal analysis procedure.La realización de pruebas de Independencia Chi cuadrado o de Regresiones logísticas, a los fines de comprobar hipótesis en los trabajos de investigación, requieren de una serie de pasos desde la detección del rol de cada variable hasta la interpretación de los resultados. El Objetivo del presente es recomendar un procedimiento de pasos ordenados para la realización e interpretación de los análisis estadísticos de variables respuestas de tipo cualitativas, desarrollados particularmente con un ejemplo pediátrico. A partir de la información de historias clínicas de pacientes pediátricos, menores de 2 años, que fueron internados con diagnóstico de bronquiolitis, se realizaron los análisis Chi cuadrado, las regresiones logísticas (simples y múltiples) y la obtención de Odds Ratios. Resultaron significativos los efectos sobre la Asistencia respiratoria mecánica de Score de Tal, Virus Respiratorio Sincitial y frecuencia cardíaca. Se concluye con un manual de procedimientos funcional de 8 pasos a tener en cuenta a los fines realizar un óptimo procedimiento de análisis.&nbsp

Pension systems compared : a polarised perspective, a diverse reality

Production of INCASI Project H2020-MSCA-RISE-2015 GA 691004Globalisation and international competition have a spillover effect on the reforms of pension systems that imposes a similar pattern of dismantling, hardening access to pensions, reducing expenditure and retrenchment in said reforms. The comparative analysis of four countries with different pension systems: two liberal (United Kingdom and Chile) and another two with contributory-proportional systems (Spain and Argentina) serves to determine the details of the reform processes, which discursively seem to have a shared pattern recommended by the international financial and economic institutions. But the reality of the four case studies shows considerable differences in the implementation of the pension reform policies. The reforms depend on the societal context, institutions, history, the role of unions, the government in power, demographic factors and economic perspectives, among other matters. Many countries need to sustain pension systems because they are associated with many pensioners' political vote. Therefore, the spillover effect of globalisation and the convergence in certain uniform patterns of reforms is far from reality in the four countries, and as such, the measures adopted are specific for each country

Comparing inequalities in the labour market from a segmentation perspective

Production of INCASI Project H2020-MSCA-RISE-2015 GA 691004The purpose of this chapter is to carry out a comparative analysis of labour markets in Europe and Latin America from the perspective of segmentation in order to explain the processes of social inequality that arise in the workplace, in light of recent trends in global socio-economic changes. The chapter proposes two main objectives. The first is to perform a comparative descriptive analysis of the main features of labour markets among 60 European and Latin American countries. The second objective is to propose a model of comparative analysis of labour inequality from the theoretical perspective of the segmentation of the labour market and structural heterogeneity. We will focus our analysis by selecting two countries, Spain and Argentina, which both underwent a late development of capitalism. The following general hypothesis is formulated: Spain and Argentina, having clearly differentiated features in economic structure, level of development, institutional frameworks and socio-historical processes, show common dynamics in the structuring of the capitalist labour market between a primary and secondary segment. Using equivalent databases on the workforce a typology of segmentation of employment is constructed that show, in addition to the specificities of each country, the similarities in the structuring of the labour market

Are all people with diabetes and cardiovascular risk factors or microvascular complications at very high risk? Findings from the Risk and Prevention Study

Aims: To verify whether it is possible, in people with diabetes mellitus (DM) considered at very high cardiovascular (CV) risk, stratify this risk better and identify significant modifiable risk factor (including lifestyle habits) to help patients and clinicians improve CV prevention. Methods: People with DM and microvascular diseases or one or more CV risk factors (hypertension, hyperlipidemia, smoking, poor dietary habits, overweight, physical inactivity) included in the Risk and Prevention study were selected. We considered the combined endpoint of non-fatal acute myocardial infarction and stroke and CV death. A multivariate Cox proportional analysis was carried out to identify relevant predictors. We also used the RECPAM method to identify subgroups of patients at higher risk. Results: In our study, the rate of major CV events was lower than expected (5 % in 5 years). Predictors of CV events were age, male, sex, heart failure, previous atherosclerotic disease, atrial fibrillation, insulin treatment, high HbA1c, heart rate and other CV diseases while being physically active was protective. RECPAM analysis indicated that history of atherosclerotic diseases and a low BMI defined worse prognosis (HR 4.51 95 % CI 3.04–6.69). Among subjects with no previous atherosclerotic disease, men with HbA1c more than 8 % were at higher CV risk (HR 2.77; 95 % CI 1.86–4.14) with respect to women. Conclusions: In this population, the rate of major CV events was lower than expected. This prediction model could help clinicians identify people with DM at higher CV risk and support them in achieving goals of physical activity and HbA1c