Antimicrobial resistance of Escherichia coli and Enterococcus faecalis in housed laying-hen flocks in Europe

The aim of this study was to determine the potential association between housing type and multiple drug resistance (MDR) in Escherichia coli and Enterococcus faecalis isolates recovered from 283 laying-hen flocks. In each flock, a cloacal swab from four hens was collected and produced 1102 E. coli and 792 E. faecalis isolates. Broth microdilution was used to test susceptibility to antimicrobials. Country and housing type interacted differently with the MDR levels of both species. In the E. coli model, housing in a raised-floor system was associated with an increased risk of MDR compared to the conventional battery system [odds ratio (OR) 2·12, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1·13-3·97)]. In the E. faecalis model the MDR levels were lower in free-range systems than in conventional battery cages (OR 0·51, 95% CI 0·27-0·94). In Belgium, ceftiofur-resistant E. coli isolates were more numerous than in the other countrie

Guidance on the Selection of Appropriate Indicators for Quantification of Antimicrobial Usage in Humans and Animals

An increasing variety of indicators of antimicrobial usage has become available in human and veterinary medicine, with no consensus on the most appropriate indicators to be used. The objective of this review is therefore to provide guidance on the selection of indicators, intended for those aiming to quantify antimicrobial usage based on sales, deliveries or reimbursement data. Depending on the study objective, different requirements apply to antimicrobial usage quantification in terms of resolution, comprehensiveness, stability over time, ability to assess exposure and comparability. If the aim is to monitor antimicrobial usage trends, it is crucial to use a robust quantification system that allows stability over time in terms of required data and provided output; to compare usage between different species or countries, comparability must be ensured between the different populations. If data are used for benchmarking, the system comprehensiveness is particularly crucial, while data collected to study the association between usage and resistance should express the exposure level and duration as a measurement of the exerted selection pressure. Antimicrobial usage is generally described as the number of technical units consumed normalized by the population at risk of being treated in a defined period. The technical units vary from number of packages to number of individuals treated daily by adding different levels of complexity such as daily dose or weight at treatment. These technical units are then related to a description of the population at risk, based either on biomass or number of individuals. Conventions and assumptions are needed for all of these calculation steps. However, there is a clear lack of standardization, resulting in poor transparency and comparability. By combining study requirements with available approaches to quantify antimicrobial usage, we provide suggestions on the most appropriate indicators and data sources to be used for a given study objective

Mapping Manufacturing Variability to Composite Pressure Vessels’ Geometry

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Relation between antimicrobial use and resistance in Belgian pig herds

The aim of this study was to determine the link between the characteristics of antimicrobial therapy and occurrence of antimicrobial resistance in Escherichia coli of clinically healthy pigs exposed to antimicrobial treatments. A total of 918 Escherichia coli isolates were obtained from faecal samples, collected from 50 pig herds at the end of the fattening period and susceptibility was tested towards 15 different antimicrobial agents, using the disk diffusion method

Иммунно-нейроэндокринные взаимосвязи в развитии перименопаузальной патологии

Представлен современный патогенетический взгляд на происходящие в перименопаузальном периоде системные нарушения. Показано, что имунно-нейроэндокринный гомеостаз имеет определенные отличия в зависимости от клинической формы и степени тяжести перименопаузальных нарушений, что необходимо учитывать при проведении терапевтических мероприятий.Представлено сучасний патогенетичний погляд на системні порушення, що відбуваються в перименопаузальному періоді. Показано, що імунно-нейроендокринний гомеостаз має певні відмінності залежно від клінічної форми і ступеня тяжкості перименопаузальних порушень, що необхідно враховувати під час проведення терапевтичних заходів.A modern pathogenetic opinion about the systemic perimenopausal disorders is presented. It is shown that immunoneuroendocrine homeostatsis differs depending on the clinical form and degree of severity of perimenopausal disorders, which should be taken into consideration when taking therapeutic measures