Determining the Reaction Rate of Electrochemical Process for Purification of Polluted Water

Abstract Aims: Turbidity in higher than standard levels, indicates failure in the water treatment plant. An electrochemical disinfection process takes place through electricity transition between two or more electrodes. This research aimed to determine the reaction rate of electrochemical process for purification of polluted water. Materials & Methods: This is a bench scale, experimental study performed in a batch system on synthetic wastewater. 1700ml of prepared synthetic wastewater was put in an electrolytic cell and constant 600mA current was flowed into the cell content through merged aluminum electrodes for 1 hour. Samples were taken from the batch in the beginning and every 10 minutes and were analyzed for, turbidity, Coliform bacteria (probably, confirmed and E. coli) and Heterotrophic Plat Count. Fisher exact test was used to analyze data. Findings: All the parameters of turbidity, HPC, total coliform, confirmed coliform and E. coli were decreased during the time. The electrochemical process reduced the average of turbidity below 3NTU after 50 minutes (91.05 removal). The HPC number reduced from 130n/ml to 2.4n/ml (98.15 removal) after 50 minutes. No coliforms were seen after 40 minutes of the electrochemical process. Conclusion: 40 minutes of electrochemical process in 600mA by aluminum electrodes is the optimum condition for removing the turbidity, Coliform bacteria (total, confirmed and E. coli) and HPC from polluted water

Flatness-based control of open-channel flow in an irrigation canal using SCADA

Open channels are used to distribute water to large irrigated areas. In these systems, ensuring timely water delivery is essential to reduce operational water losses. This article derives a method for open-loop control of open channel flow, based on the Hayami model, a parabolic partial differential equation resulting from a simplification of the Saint-Venant equations. The open-loop control is represented as infinite series using differential flatness. Experimental results show the effectiveness of the approach by applying the open-loop controller to a real irrigation canal located in South of France

Inkjet-printed vertically emitting solid-state organic lasers

In this paper, we show that Inkjet Printing can be successfully applied to external-cavity vertically-emitting thin-film organic lasers, and can be used to generate a diffraction-limited output beam with an output energy as high as 33.6 uJ with a slope efficiency S of 34%. Laser emission shows to be continuously tunable from 570 to 670 nm using an intracavity polymer-based Fabry-Perot etalon. High-optical quality films with several um thicknesses are realized thanks to ink-jet printing. We introduce a new optical material where EMD6415 commercial ink constitutes the optical host matrix and exhibits a refractive index of 1.5 and an absorption coefficient of 0.66 cm-1 at 550-680 nm. Standard laser dyes like Pyromethene 597 and Rhodamine 640 are incorporated in solution to the EMD6415 ink. Such large size " printed pixels " of 50 mm 2 present uniform and flat surfaces, with roughness measured as low as 1.5 nm in different locations of a 50um x 50um AFM scan. Finally, as the gain capsules fabricated by Inkjet printing are simple and do not incorporate any tuning or cavity element, they are simple to make, have a negligible fabrication cost and can be used as fully disposable items. This works opens the way towards the fabrication of really low-cost tunable visible lasers with an affordable technology that has the potential to be widely disseminated

Perencanaan Desentralisasi Spam Perumahan Wilayah Pelayanan Cabang Semarang Tengah Kota Semarang

Perumahan Puri Sartika, Bukit Sukorejo, dan Trangkil Sejahtera merupakan bagian dari pengembangan perencanaan wilayah pelayanan PDAM Tirta Moedal Kota Semarang Cabang Tengah yang secara administrasi berada di Kelurahan Sukorejo Kecamatan Gunungpati yang akan dijadikan sebagai wilayah studi yang direncanakan dengan sistem desentralisasi. Sistem desentralisasi merupakan penyediaan air minum dimana sistem pendistribusiannya dikelola sendiri oleh masyarakat dan penyediaan airnya disediakan oleh PDAM. Perencanaan ini dibuat untuk kontrol kehilangan air dan mengoptimalkan jaringan distribusi PDAM Tirta Moedal Semarang. Kebanyakan semburan pipa terjadi karena fluktuasi tekanan yang terus menerus yang membuat pipa selalu mengembang dan berkontraksi, sehingga menyebabkan retakan karena stres. Sehingga dari masalah tersebut dilakukan perencanaan sistem desentralisasi dengan pembangunan reservoir di wilayah studi sebagai metode pengaturan tekanan yang dapat mengurangi frekuensi pipa pecah akibat tekanan yang terlalu tinggi serta sebagai penyeimbang antara aliran keluar dan aliran masuk ke reservoir selama pemakaian air di daerah pelayanan. Sebelum dilakukan perencanaan sistem desentralisasi di wilayah studi, dilakukan kajian sistem desentralisasi dan desentralisasi yang telah berjalan kemudian mengkomparasikan kedua sistem tersebut yang menghasilkan nilai skoring sistem yang lebih unggul dalam aspek teknis, sosial, dan biaya. Wilayah sentralisasi meliputi Perumahan Greenwood dan untuk wilayah desentralisasi yaitu Perumahan Beringin

Studi Eksperimental Pengaruh Inklusi Baja Terhadap Perilaku Mortar-inklusi

Beton merupakan material komposit yang tersusun dari mortar dan agregat kasar, serta disatukan oleh semen melalui proses hidrasi. Kuat tekan material beton sangat tergantung dari karakteristik material penyusunnya, dan kekuatan lekatan daerah peralihan antara mortar dengan permukaan agregat kasar yang disebut Interfacial Transition Zone (ITZ). Penelitian mengenai mortar inklusi sudah banyak dilakukan, namun masih sedikit penelitian yang memodelkan inklusi dengan baja. Untuk mengetahui lebih lanjut mengenai pengaruh ITZ baja terhadap mortar inklusi, maka dalam penelitian ini menggunakan beberapa macam mutu mortar yaitu dengan kuat tekan 20, 40, dan 60 MPa. Benda uji menggunakan ukuran 150 x 150 x 50 mm dengan inklusi silinder baja tipe BJTP-40 berdiameter 25 mm dan 32 mm. Silinder baja diletakkan tepat di pusat titik berat benda uji. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa mutu mortar dan diameter inklusi sangat mempengaruhi perilaku dari benda uji. Kuat tekan mengalami penurunan diakibatkan oleh semakin luasnya diameter inklusi, sedangkan angka deformasi menurun dengan kenaikan pada nilai mutu mortar. Pengamatan yang dilakukan saat pengujian menunjukkan bahwa pola retak yang terjadi adalah columnar yang terjadi di daerah inklusi yang merupakan daerah terlemah dikarenakan oleh ITZ

Early renal damage assessed by the SLICC/ACR damage index is predictor of severe outcome in lupus patients in Pakistan

We investigated Patients with systemic lupus erythematosus with the objective of assessing whether early damage accrued in systemic lupus erythematosus as measured by the SLICC/ACR Damage Index predicts mortality in lupus Patients that have been followed prospectively in a single center. Patients with systemic lupus erythematosus from Aga Khan University hospital presenting between 1992 and 2007 were included. This enabled all Patients to be potentially followed for at least 10 years. Yearly SLICC/ACR Damage Index scores were determined for each Patient. Early damage was defined as a score \u3e= 1, and no damage as a score of 0 at the initial assessment. Kaplan-Meier and Log rank tests were used to compare the survival experience between those with and without damage, with all Patients being assessed at 10 years. In this inception cohort 198 Patients were identified and were followed for 10 years. Of these, 47 (23.7%) Patients had a SLICC/ACR Damage Index score of 0 (no damage) while 151 Patients (76.3%) had at least one SLICC/ACR Damage Index item scored (early damage). Mean renal damage score at 1, 5 and 10 years was 0.16, 0.34 and 0.67, respectively. Of lupus Patients who exhibited renal damage at their first SLICC/ACR Damage Index assessment, 31% died within 10 years of their illness as compared with only 13% who had no early renal damage (p \u3c 0.003). Mean renal damage score at 1 year after diagnosis was a significant predictor of death within 10 years of diagnosis (p \u3c 0.002)

Increased glycation and oxidative damage to apolipoprotein B100 of LDL cholesterol in patients with type 2 diabetes and effect of metformin

OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate whether apolipoprotein B100 of LDL suffers increased damage by glycation, oxidation, and nitration in patients with type 2 diabetes, including patients receiving metformin therapy. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS For this study, 32 type 2 diabetic patients and 21 healthy control subjects were recruited; 13 diabetic patients were receiving metformin therapy (median dose: 1.50 g/day). LDL was isolated from venous plasma by ultracentrifugation, delipidated, digested, and analyzed for protein glycation, oxidation, and nitration adducts by stable isotopic dilution analysis tandem mass spectrometry. RESULTS Advanced glycation end product (AGE) content of apolipoprotein B100 of LDL from type 2 diabetic patients was higher than from healthy subjects: arginine-derived AGE, 15.8 vs. 5.3 mol% (P < 0.001); and lysine-derived AGE, 2.5 vs. 1.5 mol% (P < 0.05). Oxidative damage, mainly methionine sulfoxide residues, was also increased: 2.5 vs. 1.1 molar equivalents (P < 0.001). 3-Nitrotyrosine content was decreased: 0.04 vs. 0.12 mol% (P < 0.05). In diabetic patients receiving metformin therapy, arginine-derived AGE and methionine sulfoxide were lower than in patients not receiving metformin: 19.3 vs. 8.9 mol% (P < 0.01) and 2.9 vs. 1.9 mol% (P < 0.05), respectively; 3-nitrotyrosine content was higher: 0.10 vs. 0.03 mol% (P < 0.05). Fructosyl-lysine residue content correlated positively with fasting plasma glucose. Arginine-derived AGE residue contents were intercorrelated and also correlated positively with methionine sulfoxide. CONCLUSIONS Patients with type 2 diabetes had increased arginine-derived AGEs and oxidative damage in apolipoprotein B100 of LDL. This was lower in patients receiving metformin therapy, which may contribute to decreased oxidative damage, atherogenicity, and cardiovascular disease

Three Dimensional Electrical Impedance Tomography

The electrical resistivity of mammalian tissues varies widely and is correlated with physiological function. Electrical impedance tomography (EIT) can be used to probe such variations in vivo, and offers a non-invasive means of imaging the internal conductivity distribution of the human body. But the computational complexity of EIT has severe practical limitations, and previous work has been restricted to considering image reconstruction as an essentially two-dimensional problem. This simplification can limit significantly the imaging capabilities of EIT, as the electric currents used to determine the conductivity variations will not in general be confined to a two-dimensional plane. A few studies have attempted three-dimensional EIT image reconstruction, but have not yet succeeded in generating images of a quality suitable for clinical applications. Here we report the development of a three-dimensional EIT system with greatly improved imaging capabilities, which combines our 64-electrode data-collection apparatus with customized matrix inversion techniques. Our results demonstrate the practical potential of EIT for clinical applications, such as lung or brain imaging and diagnostic screening

A metabolite-derived protein modification integrates glycolysis with KEAP1-NRF2 signalling.

Mechanisms that integrate the metabolic state of a cell with regulatory pathways are necessary to maintain cellular homeostasis. Endogenous, intrinsically reactive metabolites can form functional, covalent modifications on proteins without the aid of enzymes1,2, and regulate cellular functions such as metabolism3-5 and transcription6. An important 'sensor' protein that captures specific metabolic information and transforms it into an appropriate response is KEAP1, which contains reactive cysteine residues that collectively act as an electrophile sensor tuned to respond to reactive species resulting from endogenous and xenobiotic molecules. Covalent modification of KEAP1 results in reduced ubiquitination and the accumulation of NRF27,8, which then initiates the transcription of cytoprotective genes at antioxidant-response element loci. Here we identify a small-molecule inhibitor of the glycolytic enzyme PGK1, and reveal a direct link between glycolysis and NRF2 signalling. Inhibition of PGK1 results in accumulation of the reactive metabolite methylglyoxal, which selectively modifies KEAP1 to form a methylimidazole crosslink between proximal cysteine and arginine residues (MICA). This posttranslational modification results in the dimerization of KEAP1, the accumulation of NRF2 and activation of the NRF2 transcriptional program. These results demonstrate the existence of direct inter-pathway communication between glycolysis and the KEAP1-NRF2 transcriptional axis, provide insight into the metabolic regulation of the cellular stress response, and suggest a therapeutic strategy for controlling the cytoprotective antioxidant response in several human diseases