Artificial Neural Network Optimization Modeling On Engine Performance Of Diesel Engine Using Biodiesel Fuel

This paper presents a study of engine performance using a mixture of palm oil methyl ester blends with diesel oil as biodiesel in a diesel engine, and optimizes the engine performance using artificial neural network (ANN) modeling. To acquire data for training and testing of the proposed ANN, a four-cylinder, four-stroke diesel engine was fuelled with different palm oil methyl ester blends as biodiesel, operated at different engine loads. The properties of biodiesel produced from waste vegetable oil were measured based on ASTM standards. The experimental results revealed that blends of palm oil methyl ester with diesel fuel provided better engine performance. An ANN model was developed based on the Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm for the engine. Logistic activation was used for mapping between the input and output parameters. It was observed that the ANN model could predict the engine performance quite well with correlation coefficients (R) of 0.996684, 0.999, 0.98964 and 0.998923 for the incylinder pressure, heat release, thermal efficiency, and volume, respectively. The predicted MSE (mean square error) error was between the desired outputs, as the measured and simulated values were obtained as 0.0001 by the model. Long-term effects on engine performance when running on biodiesel fuel can be further studied and improved

Amorphous carbon film deposition on inner surface of tubes using atmospheric pressure pulsed filamentary plasma source

Uniform amorphous carbon film is deposited on the inner surface of quartz tube having the inner diameter of 6 mm and the outer diameter of 8 mm. A pulsed filamentary plasma source is used for the deposition. Long plasma filaments (~ 140 mm) as a positive discharge are generated inside the tube in argon with methane admixture. FTIR-ATR, XRD, SEM, LSM and XPS analyses give the conclusion that deposited film is amorphous composed of non-hydrogenated sp2 carbon and hydrogenated sp3 carbon. Plasma is characterized using optical emission spectroscopy, voltage-current measurement, microphotography and numerical simulation. On the basis of observed plasma parameters, the kinetics of the film deposition process is discussed

Intelligent Height and Reach Adjustable Electronic Chair for Children with Dwarfism (ZUMP)

"Dwarfism", "little people", "short statue" or even "midget" are some of the general names given by society to these special communities. According to the definition of the advocacy group for Little People of America (LPA), Dwarfism is a condition characterized by short stature. Technically, an adult with the height of 4 feet 10 inches or under. Based on the study on the dwarfism symptom, it can be caused by any one of more than 200 conditions, most of which are genetic. Most types of dwarfism are known as skeletal dysplasias, which are conditions of abnormal bone growth. In fact, 85% of children with skeletal dyplasias do occur in families where both parents are of average height. Being a dwarfism is not an intellectual disability. A person who has dwarfism is typically of normal intelligence. Somehow, dwarfism is a disease that requires a "cure". Most people with the condition can live long and fulfilling lives. Lastly, it will not be good reason to assume dwarfism is incapable. Little people go to school, go to work, marry, and raise children, just like their average-size peers

Review of the mathematical foundations of data fusion techniques in surface metrology

The recent proliferation of engineered surfaces, including freeform and structured surfaces, is challenging current metrology techniques. Measurement using multiple sensors has been proposed to achieve enhanced benefits, mainly in terms of spatial frequency bandwidth, which a single sensor cannot provide. When using data from different sensors, a process of data fusion is required and there is much active research in this area. In this paper, current data fusion methods and applications are reviewed, with a focus on the mathematical foundations of the subject. Common research questions in the fusion of surface metrology data are raised and potential fusion algorithms are discussed

Multiple Fidelity Modeling of Interactional Aerodynamics

Peer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/143037/1/6.2017-3918.pd

Per Capita Income – Based on Sangam Era

Porunar, Pulavar, Panar, Koudhar, Patini, Varaviyar are known as Iravalars (beggers). They are called as Iravalars because they earn their living by singing. In their songs, they praise the rich people and as gift, they get gifts, money and so on. The rich people also go in search of Iravalars, because they love to hear their songs in praise of them. Sangha literary texts speaks abundantly and extensively about the people living as Iravalars and how they earn their income by singing praise of others

Numerical Study of N-Heptane Fuelled Hcci Under Different Air Fuel Ratio and Inlet Air Temperature

This paper examines on numerical modeling of Homogenous Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI) engine model using n-heptane as base fuel. The parameters used in this study is different air to fuel ratio (AFR) (25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50) and different air inlet temperature (25°C, 50°C, 75°C, 100°C). Performance and emission characteristics of n-heptane were investigated at constant engine speed of 1000 rpm in a HCCI engine model. The effects of inlet air temperature were also examined. The test results showed that brake power, brake mean effective pressure and brake specific fuel consumption decreased when increased AFR and inlet air temperature. Meanwhile, brake thermal efficiency shows an increase when increase when AFR and temperature of the inlet increased. The test results also showed that NOx, CO and HC emissions decreased with the increase of inlet air temperature for all AFR value. Overall, this numerical model can be used to predict the performance and emission of the HCCI engine

Branch Mode Selection during Early Lung Development

Many organs of higher organisms, such as the vascular system, lung, kidney, pancreas, liver and glands, are heavily branched structures. The branching process during lung development has been studied in great detail and is remarkably stereotyped. The branched tree is generated by the sequential, non-random use of three geometrically simple modes of branching (domain branching, planar and orthogonal bifurcation). While many regulatory components and local interactions have been defined an integrated understanding of the regulatory network that controls the branching process is lacking. We have developed a deterministic, spatio-temporal differential-equation based model of the core signaling network that governs lung branching morphogenesis. The model focuses on the two key signaling factors that have been identified in experiments, fibroblast growth factor (FGF10) and sonic hedgehog (SHH) as well as the SHH receptor patched (Ptc). We show that the reported biochemical interactions give rise to a Schnakenberg-type Turing patterning mechanisms that allows us to reproduce experimental observations in wildtype and mutant mice. The kinetic parameters as well as the domain shape are based on experimental data where available. The developed model is robust to small absolute and large relative changes in the parameter values. At the same time there is a strong regulatory potential in that the switching between branching modes can be achieved by targeted changes in the parameter values. We note that the sequence of different branching events may also be the result of different growth speeds: fast growth triggers lateral branching while slow growth favours bifurcations in our model. We conclude that the FGF10-SHH-Ptc1 module is sufficient to generate pattern that correspond to the observed branching modesComment: Initially published at PLoS Comput Bio

Ultrafast Hole Trapping and Relaxation Dynamics in p-Type CuS Nanodisks

CuS nanocrystals are potential materials for developing low-cost solar energy conversion devices. Understanding the underlying dynamics of photoinduced carriers in CuS nanocrystals is essential to improve their performance in these devices. In this work, we investigated the photoinduced hole dynamics in CuS nanodisks (NDs) using the combination of transient optical (OTA) and X-ray (XTA) absorption spectroscopy. OTA results show that the broad transient absorption in the visible region is attributed to the photoinduced hot and trapped holes. The hole trapping process occurs on a subpicosecond time scale, followed by carrier recombination (~100 ps). The nature of the hole trapping sites, revealed by XTA, is characteristic of S or organic ligands on the surface of CuS NDs. These results not only suggest the possibility to control the hole dynamics by tuning the surface chemistry of CuS but also represent the first time observation of hole dynamics in semiconductor nanocrystals using XTA