Studies on virus diseases of the grapevine in California

The principal symptoms that characterize the virus diseases of grapevines found in vineyards of California are described. The diseases are: PIERCE's disease, fanleaf, yellow mosaic, vein banding, leafroll, yellow vein, asteroid mosaic, and corky bark. It is the first report of the graft transmission of corky bark and an unidentified virus that produces fleck in Vitis ruprestris var. St. George.All of the grape viruses can be transmitted by one or more grafting methods, but chip-bud grafting has proved to be simple and effective. The soilborne viruses that cause fanleaf, yellow mosaic, and vein banding all mechanically sap-transmit to, and produce very similar, mostly indistinguishable symptoms in different herbaceous hosts. The GYVV (grape yellow vein virus) will also sap-transmit to several different herbs, yet the symptoms differ from those induced by the soil-borne viruses.Xiphinema index transmitted the GFV (grape fanleaf virus) from roots of sap-inoculated Chenopodium amaranticolor to roots of V. rupestris var. St. George. Evidence shows that X. index will also transmit the GYMV (grape yellow mosaic virus) from vine to vine. Evidence indicates that fanleaf, yellow mosaic, and vein banding are distinct diseases with definite and consistent symptoms, although apparently caused by strains of the same virus.Results of these tests to control the soil-borne grape viruses by injection of chemicals into the soil show that carbon bisulfide and methyl bromide are the most effective, though none of the chemicals used give complete control

Análise de resultado para impactos estimados.

O grupo de especialistas ao desenvolver este trabalho de priorização procurou selecionar subcritérios para impactos estimados que fossem possíveis de serem mensurados e refletissem as consequências potenciais da introdução das pragas quarentenárias avaliadas em relação às suas culturas hospedeiras, ao impacto no comércio, na sociedade e no meio ambiente

Local and systemic mycorrhiza-induced protection against the ectoparasitic nematode Xiphinema index involves priming of defence gene responses in grapevine

The ectoparasitic dagger nematode (Xiphinema index), vector of Grapevine fanleaf virus (GFLV), provokes gall formation and can cause severe damage to the root system of grapevines. Mycorrhiza formation by Glomus (syn. Rhizophagus) intraradices BEG141 reduced both gall formation on roots of the grapevine rootstock SO4 (Vitis berlandieri×V. riparia) and nematode number in the surrounding soil. Suppressive effects increased with time and were greater when the nematode was post-inoculated rather than co-inoculated with the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus. Using a split-root system, decreased X. index development was shown in mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal parts of mycorrhizal root systems, indicating that both local and systemic induced bioprotection mechanisms were active against the ectoparasitic nematode. Expression analyses of ESTs (expressed sequence tags) generated in an SSH (subtractive suppressive hybridization) library, representing plant genes up-regulated during mycorrhiza-induced control of X. index, and of described grapevine defence genes showed activation of chitinase 1b, pathogenesis-related 10, glutathione S-transferase, stilbene synthase 1, 5-enolpyruvyl shikimate-3-phosphate synthase, and a heat shock proein 70-interacting protein in association with the observed local and/or systemic induced bioprotection against the nematode. Overall, the data suggest priming of grapevine defence responses by the AM fungus and transmission of a plant-mediated signal to non-mycorrhizal tissues. Grapevine gene responses during AM-induced local and systemic bioprotection against X. index point to biological processes that are related either to direct effects on the nematode or to protection against nematode-imposed stress to maintain root tissue integrity

Evaluation of Raisin Color With Respect to Color and Maturity at Harvest, and Exposure to Light and Heat

CALRAB-California Raisin Advisory Board: Research Reports- 1982Raisin Maturity Study 1982RAI 3.9; RAI 12.21982_2

Development of New Early-Maturing raisins for Mechanical Harvesting

MISC 89.1; RAI 3.91985_6; 1986_5Guidelines for Rain Damaged RaisinsCALRAB-California Raisin Advisory Board: Research Reports- 198

Under Field and Laboratory Conditions Develop and Evaluation a National and International Phylloxera and Nematode Resistant Vitis Rootstock Collection

RAI 3.91989_1

Feasibility and Effect of AVM 1013 (NAA + NDA) on Berry Size, Sugar Content, Vine Vigor, and Bud Fruitfulness of Thompson Seedless Grapevines in the San Joaquin Valley of California

CALRAB-California Raisin Advisory Board: Research Reports- 1982RAI 3.91999_2

Effect of Concentration of Active Material and Time of Application on the Accelerated Drying of Raisins - 1978

1979_8SOT: Sun Maid Grower ProgramCALRAB-California Raisin Advisory Board: Research Reports-1979-80RAI 3.7; RAI 21.

Accelerated Drying of Raisins on Trays - 1977

Sensory Evaluation/ Quality: USDA Reports-1970SOT: Sun Maid Grower ProgramRAI 3.7; RAI 19.1; RAI 21.7CALRAB-California Raisin Advisory Board: Research Reports-1979-801978_2; 1980_2