Why Iranian married women use withdrawal instead of oral contraceptives? A qualitative study from Iran

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Withdrawal as a method of birth control is still used in Iran. The aim of this study was to explore married women's perspectives and attitudes on withdrawal use instead of oral contraceptive (OC) in Tehran, Iran.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>This was a qualitative study. Participants were 50 married women, not currently pregnant, not desiring pregnancy and who had been using withdrawal for contraception. Face-to face interviews were conducted to collect data. Content analysis was performed to analyze the data.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Four major themes were extracted from the interviews: advantages, disadvantages, barriers for OC use, and husband-related factors. Advantages of withdrawal use were identified as: easy to use, convenient, ease of access, natural. Even those participants who had experienced unwanted pregnancy while using withdrawal, relied on withdrawal as their contraceptive method. Disadvantages of OC included concerns about side effects. Barriers related to use of OC included the need for medical advice, vaginal examination and daily use. Husband-related factors included: the husband wanted to be the primary decision maker on the number of children and that he preferred withdrawal.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Health providers should address misunderstandings that exist about OC and highlight the non-contraceptive health benefits of OC to balance the information provided for women. We suggest that not only women but also their spouses be advised in family planning programs.</p

A Systematic Review of the Literature on Parenting of Young Children with Visual Impairments and the Adaptions for Video-Feedback Intervention to Promote Positive Parenting (VIPP)

Secure parent-child attachment may help children to overcome the challenges of growing up with a visual or visual-and-intellectual impairment. A large literature exists that provides a blueprint for interventions that promote parental sensitivity and secure attachment. The Video-feedback Intervention to promote Positive Parenting (VIPP) is based on that blueprint. While it has been adapted to several specific at risk populations, children with visual impairment may require additional adjustments. This study aimed to identify the themes that should be addressed in adapting VIPP and similar interventions. A Delphi-consultation was conducted with 13 professionals in the field of visual impairment to select the themes for relationship-focused intervention. These themes informed a systematic literature search. Interaction, intersubjectivity, joint attention, exploration, play and specific behavior were the themes mentioned in the Delphi-group. Paired with visual impairment or vision disorders, infants or young children (and their parents) the search yielded 74 articles, making the six themes for intervention adaptation more specific and concrete. The rich literature on six visual impairment specific themes was dominated by the themes interaction, intersubjectivity, and joint attention. These themes need to be addressed in adapting intervention programs developed for other populations, such as VIPP which currently focuses on higher order constructs of sensitivity and attachment

Hydrogen storage in metal-organic frameworks

This study was conducted to synthesize thermally-robust metal-org. frameworks with high internal surface areas and a high concn. of open metal coordination sites for hydrogen storage. A no. of strategies were used for generating open metal coordination sites on the internal surfaces of microporous metal-org. frameworks. These approaches involve the insertion and activation of metal carbonyl units on the arom. components of existing frameworks, as well as the design of new frameworks using bridging ligands that facilitate the generation of open metal coordination sites. The resulting compds. were characterized by various techniques, including gas adsorption measurements, neutron powder diffraction, inelastic neutron scattering spectroscopy, and IR spectroscopy.LFI

Hydrogen storage in metal-organic frameworks

Materials exhibiting reversible hydrogen adsorption with high gravimetric and volumetric capacities are sought for use in on-board storage systems of hydrogen fuel cell-powered vehicles. Microporous metal-org. frameworks with high internal surface areas have been shown to display excellent storage properties, but only at cryogenic temps. Methods for synthesizing frameworks contg. coordinatively-unsatd. metal centers are therefore being developed as a means of increasing the H2 adsorption enthalpy. In particular, we seek to synthesize thermally-robust, high-surface area materials with a high concn. of open metal coordination sites. By adjusting the electronic structure of the metal ions, it is expected that an optimal H2 binding enthalpy in the range 15-20 kJ/mol can be achieved, leading to a high H2 storage capacity at room temp. and safe pressures of up to 100 bar. Our approaches involve the insertion and activation of metal carbonyl units on the arom. components of existing frameworks, as well as the design of new frameworks using bridging ligands that facilitate the generation of open metal coordination sites.LFI