Femoral Neck Anteversion: Values, Development, Measurement, Common Problems

The femoral neck anteversion angle is an important factor for hip stability and normal walking. It is multifactoral result of evolution, heredity, fetal development, intrauterine position, and mechanical forces. Abnormal FNA sometimes can be associated with many clinical problems ranging from harmless intoeing gait in the early childhood, to disabling osteoarthritis of the hip and the knee in the adults. In most cases is associated with minor functional problems in children during growth, but cause a concern in parents for children future. The child must be examined carefully and an accurate diagnosis must be established. The most important part of care is observation of the children. If abnormal femoral neck anteversion produces severe functional disability, derotational osteotomy should be done, but delayed until late childhoo

Understanding the (paleo)soils : from paleoenvironmental reconstruction to the role of iron oxides and organic matter on the formation of the surface physicochemical properties and the aggregation processes

A multi-proxy analytical approach (MPAA) in the investigation of (palaeo)soils that involves a detailed analysis of soil micromorphology, soil physics and chemistry, geochemistry, and bulk and clay mineralogy is crucial for the determination of the palaeoenvironment in which they were formed. The determination of the soil mineral composition and their surface properties that control the formation of soils by aggregation processes is necessary to understand their response to environmental changes (BRONICK & LAL, 2005). Soil aggregation is a complex process, which involves rearrangement of submicron- and micronsized mineral particles into larger clusters by mutual physico-chemical and biological interactions between the mineral surfaces, various organic and inorganic compounds and microorganisms (SIX et al., 2004). Humic compounds are omnipresent in soils and they designate the most important compounds covering the surfaces of the minerals, particularly iron oxides and clay mineral particles (BALDOCK & BROOS, 2012). This lecture aims to demonstrate the significance of MPAA in three different cases, from profile description and palaeoenvironmental reconstruction, to the role of iron oxides and soil organic matter on the formation of the surface physicochemical properties and the aggregation processes. It is based on our previous (DURN et al., 2015; DURN et al., 2017) and current research within the NanoMin project (grant 2504, Croatian Science Foundation)

Understanding the (paleo)soils : from paleoenvironmental reconstruction to the role of iron oxides and organic matter on the formation of the surface physicochemical properties and the aggregation processes

A multi-proxy analytical approach (MPAA) in the investigation of (palaeo)soils that involves a detailed analysis of soil micromorphology, soil physics and chemistry, geochemistry, and bulk and clay mineralogy is crucial for the determination of the palaeoenvironment in which they were formed. The determination of the soil mineral composition and their surface properties that control the formation of soils by aggregation processes is necessary to understand their response to environmental changes (BRONICK & LAL, 2005). Soil aggregation is a complex process, which involves rearrangement of submicron- and micronsized mineral particles into larger clusters by mutual physico-chemical and biological interactions between the mineral surfaces, various organic and inorganic compounds and microorganisms (SIX et al., 2004). Humic compounds are omnipresent in soils and they designate the most important compounds covering the surfaces of the minerals, particularly iron oxides and clay mineral particles (BALDOCK & BROOS, 2012). This lecture aims to demonstrate the significance of MPAA in three different cases, from profile description and palaeoenvironmental reconstruction, to the role of iron oxides and soil organic matter on the formation of the surface physicochemical properties and the aggregation processes. It is based on our previous (DURN et al., 2015; DURN et al., 2017) and current research within the NanoMin project (grant 2504, Croatian Science Foundation)

Sex differences in Drosophila intestinal metabolism contribute to sexually dimorphic infection outcome and alter gut pathogen virulence

Sexual dimorphism in infection outcomes is a pervasive phenomenon, the underlying mechanisms of which remain incompletely understood. Here, utilizing Pseudomonas entomophila intestinal infection in Drosophila, we demonstrated that sex differences in intestinal redox processes contribute to female bias in susceptibility to gut infection. Female inability to overcome excessive pathogen-induced oxidative stress results in defecation blockage, pathogen persistence, and host death. Male flies exhibit increased carbohydrate metabolism and pentose phosphate pathway activity – a key antioxidant defense system. This allows males to withstand oxidative stress-induced defecation blockage and clear the pathogen from the intestine, resulting in survival. Additionally, P. entomophila showed increased expression of several virulence factors, including RNA-binding protein Hfq, in the female gut, contributing to female-biased virulence of P. entomophila. Thus, the effect of the gut metabolic environment on host defenses and pathogen virulence determines the sex differences in intestinal infection outcomes.HighlightsIntestinal transit of gut pathogen contributes to sexually dimorphic susceptibility to Drosophila gut infection.Male bias in PPP favors pathogen clearance and recovery post-infection.P. entomophila reacts differently to female gut environment, where higher levels of Hfq might contribute to virulence/lethality.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, https://ror.org/018mejw64, IA 81/2-1, IA81/3-1Boehringer Ingelheim Foundation, https://ror.org/03tx8dq56Max Planck Society, https://ror.org/01hhn832