Les différentes approches méthodologiques de reconstitution des paléo-inondations : une revue de la littérature

Les deux dernières décennies en recherche scientifique se caractérisent par la multiplication des travaux concernant le réchauffement planétaire et les conséquences appréhendées de ce phénomène dans les divers milieux du globe. Ces travaux de recherche touchent différents champs disciplinaires dont la géomorphologie, l'hydrologie, l'écologie et bien d'autres. Dans le contexte des changements climatiques, on voit apparaître un intérêt grandissant pour l'étude des inondations anciennes ou des paléo-inondations. On tente de reconstituer la chronologie des inondations du passé notamment en regard des changements climatiques anciens ou subactuels (derniers siècles). Devant l'émergence de nombreux travaux dans ce domaine de la paléohydrologie, il nous est apparu intéressant d'examiner à travers une revue de la littérature scientifique les différentes approches méthodologiques utilisées dans l'étude des paléo-inondations. On s'attarde à décrire les principales méthodes et techniques employées dans la reconstitution des anciennes inondations, en particulier pour les environnements fluviaux (rivières, fleuves). On passe en revue les différents indicateurs biophysiques utilisés, notamment l'analyse des séquences stratigraphiques et sédimentaires, l'analyse des macrorestes, les méthodes de datation radiocarbone (14 C) et les techniques comme la thermoluminescence optique (TLO) et la dendrochronologie. Aussi, on présente les principaux modèles mathématiques utilisés dans la reconstitution des paléo-inondations, lesquels servent notamment à évaluer les variations niveaux/débits et la fréquence des inondations anciennes.The last two decades of scientific research have been characterized by an increase in the number of studies on global warming and its impact on the earth's various environments (e.g., terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, river systems). The research concerns different fields such as geomorphology, ecology, hydrology and many others. In the context of climatic change, there is growing interest in the study of past floods or paleofloods. Researchers are attempting to reconstruct the chronology of past floods, especially with respect to past or subrecent (past centuries) climatic changes. The work involves using different methodological approaches borrowed from various disciplines including geology, geomorphology and ecology. The reconstruction of ancient hydrological events such as paleofloods in fact requires that different methods and techniques be combined in order to retrace the chronology of events as precisely as possible using different biological and physical indicators. The earliest research in this field was conducted in the United States, more specifically in the southern and southwestern parts of the country, which are regions characterized by an arid and semi-arid climate. Over the last few years, however, there have been an increasing number of studies from various parts of the world. Much of this research is based on previous work but with new elements of interpretation, which are mainly related to the many fluvial environments and climatic patterns associated with floods.A wide variety of indicators are used in the chronological reconstruction of ancient fluvial environments, whether in humid, sub-humid or desert regions. These indicators involve analyzing stratigraphic sequences and sedimentary deposits, organic matter and macrofossil deposits, as well as using radiocarbon dating (14 C), thermoluminescence (TL), and even dendrochronology. Some research uses statistical and mathematical models to evaluate river flow rates, which are transposed and adapted to ancient flood events. In fact, most of the work pertaining to the reconstruction of the frequency and magnitude of ancient floods uses several methods and techniques to obtain the long-term chronology of flood events in relation to the specific conditions (e.g. climate, geomorphology) of a region or study area.Many studies have analyzed slackwater deposits to reconstruct the paleoflood history of rivers (ELY and BAKER, 1985 ; JONES et al., 2001 ; KOCHEL and BAKER, 1982 ; WOHL et al., 1994). These kinds of deposits are mainly composed of fine-grained sediments (silt and fine sand) from river banks that were deposited during "large floods in areas of reduced flow velocity caused by ponding, eddying, or back-flooding up tributaries" (ELY and BAKER, 1985, p. 104). These deposits were found in different fluvial environments and for many researchers serve as adequate physical and geomorphologic indicators in the reconstruction of relic floods. Also, in many studies researchers used both slackwater deposits (SWD) and paleostage indicators (PSI) for the reconstruction of ancient floods. In addition to slackwater sediments, flood debris and silt lines (paleostage indicators) are often well-preserved along the river terraces (BAKER,1987; OSTENAA et al., 2002; WOHL et al., 1994) and facilitate the reconstruction of ancient flood events. The main problem in reconstructing paleofloods essentially lies in finding layers of organic matter in the sedimentary sequences, which makes it difficult to date the flood events using radiocarbon methods (14C). In arid or semi-arid environments, these organic layers are often rare because the prevalent climatic conditions do not favor the formation of a thick vegetation cover. However, this problem is not limited to these environments but also characterizes humid regions (YANG et al., 2000). The frequent absence of such organic matter layers in sediments is either due to an overly short vegetation cover formation period between phases of flooding or the erosion of such layers through the action of different natural phenomena (e.g. streaming, gliding, bioturbation, fluvial erosion). Other methods through which flood events can be dated include dendrochronology and thermoluminescence (TL). This last method can be used to obtain relatively precise dating of archaeological artefacts but at present is not very reliable for dating mineralogical samples (e.g. quartz or feldspath grains). The various problems involved in dating ancient floods make us aware of the importance of using as many physical and biological field indicators as possible in order to reconstruct the chronology of flood events as precisely as possible

Experimental study of granular surface flows via a fast camera: a continuous description

Depth averaged conservation equations are written for granular surface flows. Their application to the study of steady surface flows in a rotating drum allows to find experimentally the constitutive relations needed to close these equations from measurements of the velocity profile in the flowing layer at the center of the drum and from the flowing layer thickness and the static/flowing boundary profiles. The velocity varies linearly with depth, with a gradient independent of both the flowing layer thickness and the static/flowing boundary local slope. The first two closure relations relating the flow rate and the momentum flux to the flowing layer thickness and the slope are then deduced. Measurements of the profile of the flowing layer thickness and the static/flowing boundary in the whole drum explicitly give the last relation concerning the force acting on the flowing layer. Finally, these closure relations are compared to existing continuous models of surface flows.Comment: 20 pages, 11 figures, submitted to Phys. FLuid

Double di ffential fragmentation cross sections measurements of 95 MeV/u 12C on thin targets for hadrontherapy

During therapeutic treatment with heavy ions like carbon, the beam undergoes nuclear fragmentation and secondary light charged particles, in particular protons and alpha particles, are produced. To estimate the dose deposited into the tumors and the surrounding healthy tissues, an accurate prediction on the fluences of these secondary fragments is necessary. Nowadays, a very limited set of double di ffential carbon fragmentation cross sections are being measured in the energy range used in hadrontherapy (40 to 400 MeV/u). Therefore, new measurements are performed to determine the double di ffential cross section of carbon on di erent thin targets. This work describes the experimental results of an experiment performed on May 2011 at GANIL. The double di ffential cross sections and the angular distributions of secondary fragments produced in the 12C fragmentation at 95 MeV/u on thin targets (C, CH2, Al, Al2O3, Ti and PMMA) have been measured. The experimental setup will be precisely described, the systematic error study will be explained and all the experimental data will be presented.Comment: Submitted to PR

Isotopic distribution of fission fragments in collisions between 238U beam and 9Be and 12C targets at 24 MeV/u

Inverse kinematics coupled to a high-resolution spectrometer is used to investigate the isotopic yields of fission fragments produced in reactions between a 238U beam at 24 MeV/u and 9Be and 12C targets. Mass, atomic number and isotopic distributions are reported for the two reactions. These informations give access to the neutron excess and the isotopic distribution widths, which together with the atomic-number and mass distributions are used to investigate the fusion-fission dynamics.Comment: Submitted to PR

Collapse of the N=28 shell closure in 42^{42}Si

The energies of the excited states in very neutron-rich $^{42}$Si and $^{41,43}$P have been measured using in-beam $\gamma$-ray spectroscopy from the fragmentation of secondary beams of $^{42,44}$S at 39 A.MeV. The low 2$^+$ energy of $^{42}$Si, 770(19) keV, together with the level schemes of $^{41,43}$P provide evidence for the disappearance of the Z=14 and N=28 spherical shell closures, which is ascribed mainly to the action of proton-neutron tensor forces. New shell model calculations indicate that $^{42}$Si is best described as a well deformed oblate rotor.Comment: 4 pages, 3 figures, accepted for publication in Phys. Rev. let

Prolate-Spherical Shape Coexistence at N=28 in 44^{44}S

The structure of $^{44}$S has been studied using delayed $\gamma$ and electron spectroscopy at \textsc{ganil}. The decay rates of the 0$^+_2$ isomeric state to the 2$^+_1$ and 0$^+_1$ states have been measured for the first time, leading to a reduced transition probability B(E2~:~2$^{+}_1$$\rightarrow$0$^{+}_2)$= 8.4(26)~e$^2$fm$^4$ and a monopole strength $\rho^2$(E0~:~0$^{+}_2$$\rightarrow$0$^{+}_1)$ =~8.7(7)$\times$10$^{-3}$. Comparisons to shell model calculations point towards prolate-spherical shape coexistence and a phenomenological two level mixing model is used to extract a weak mixing between the two configurations.Comment: 5 pages, 3 figures, accepted for publication in Physical Review Letter

Response of CsI(Tl) scintillators over a large range in energy and atomic number of ions (Part I): recombination and delta -- electrons

A simple formalism describing the light response of CsI(Tl) to heavy ions, which quantifies the luminescence and the quenching in terms of the competition between radiative transitions following the carrier trapping at the Tl activator sites and the electron-hole recombination, is proposed. The effect of the delta rays on the scintillation efficiency is for the first time quantitatively included in a fully consistent way. The light output expression depends on four parameters determined by a procedure of global fit to experimental data.Comment: 28 pages, 6 figures, submitted to Nucl. Inst. Meth.

Multifragmentation process for different mass asymmetry in the entrance channel around the Fermi energy

The influence of the entrance channel asymmetry upon the fragmentation process is addressed by studying heavy-ion induced reactions around the Fermi energy. The data have been recorded with the INDRA 4pi array. An event selection method called the Principal Component Analysis is presented and discussed. It is applied for the selection of central events and furthermore to multifragmentation of single source events. The selected subsets of data are compared to the Statistical Multifragmentation Model (SMM) to check the equilibrium hypothesis and get the source characteristics. Experimental comparisons show the evidence of a decoupling between thermal and compresional (radial flow) degrees of freedom in such nuclear systems.Comment: 28 pages, 15 figures, article sumitted to Nuclear Physics

Probing Nuclear forces beyond the drip-line using the mirror nuclei 16^{16}N and 16^{16}F

Radioactive beams of $^{14}$O and $^{15}$O were used to populate the resonant states 1/2$^+$, 5/2$^+$ and $0^-,1^-,2^-$ in the unbound $^{15}$F and $^{16}$F nuclei respectively by means of proton elastic scattering reactions in inverse kinematics. Based on their large proton spectroscopic factor values, the resonant states in $^{16}$F can be viewed as a core of $^{14}$O plus a proton in the 2s$_{1/2}$ or 1d$_{5/2}$ shell and a neutron in 1p$_{1/2}$. Experimental energies were used to derive the strength of the 2s$_{1/2}$-1p$_{1/2}$ and 1d$_{5/2}$-1p$_{1/2}$ proton-neutron interactions. It is found that the former changes by 40% compared with the mirror nucleus $^{16}$N, and the second by 10%. This apparent symmetry breaking of the nuclear force between mirror nuclei finds explanation in the role of the large coupling to the continuum for the states built on an $\ell=0$ proton configuration.Comment: 6 pages, 3 figures, 2 tables, accepted for publication as a regular article in Physical Review

Spectroscopy of 26^{26}F

The structure of the weakly-bound $^{26}_{\;\;9}$F$_{17}$ odd-odd nucleus, produced from $^{27,28}$Na nuclei, has been investigated at GANIL by means of the in-beam $\gamma$-ray spectroscopy technique. A single $\gamma$-line is observed at 657(7) keV in $^{26}_{9}$F which has been ascribed to the decay of the excited J=$2^+$ state to the J=1$^+$ ground state. The possible presence of intruder negative parity states in $^{26}$F is also discussed.Comment: 3 pages, 1 figure, accepted for publication in Physical Review