Effect of Using and Preparing of Food on Diarrhea Disease for Children

Introduction: In Iraq diarrhea is the main cause for clinical presentation among under 5-years child population next to pneumonia and it's also more common in rural than in capital Baghdad. Method: A community based cross-sectional study was conducted in urban Baghdad Hospital Central for Children and in Al-Mohmmodia Hospital which was in rural city. Data were collected from the patient's record registration for each hospital (age, No. of child who is infected with diarrhea, Nutritional status, breast-feeding and water supply, and socio-economic status). Also, precoded questionnaires with sociodemographics, maternal and child characteristics, child feeding, and environmental conditions. Result: Total diarrhea percent under-10 years children in the urban capital Baghdad were lower than Baghdad's rural, that were 13.73 and 69.68 respectively. The difference in diarrhea percent among males and female for both hospitals was big and the difference was statically significant (p<0.01). Children in the age group less than one year had the higher prevalence of diarrhea to the extent of 51.16% in rural Al-Mohmmodia than capital Baghdad 14.34%, followed by the age 1 year and above had the lowest prevalence. The difference in the prevalence of diarrhea in different age groups was showed to be statically significant (p<0.01). Similarity, decreasing birth weight, immunization and vitamin A consumption, personal hygiene, overcrowding, garbage and exceta disposal, source of water, and caregiver status were found associated with increased diarrhea incidence (p<0.01). Conclusion: in this study the prevalence of diarrhea was higher in under-five children in rural Baghdad than capital Baghdad which was significantly associated with child's sex, child's age, maternal education level, and socio-economic parameter. Therefore, this study to show the differences between Baghdad city and its rural of diarrheal incidence in children less than 10 years, and to see which season effect diarrhea incidence more. The other objective is to find out association between certain risk factors and diarrhea among children less than 10 years. Keywords: Diarrhea- risk factors- nutrition status- stunting- parasites and bacterial infection.

Ch2olera: Hamilton's Forgotten Epidemics

Alternate titles: Ch2olera: Hamilton's Forgotten Epidemics; Cholera: Hamilton's Forgotten Epidemics.Cholera is an ancient disease that has been feared for centuries. It often appears suddenly, seems to spread rapidly and inexplicably and, in the absence of effective treatment, kills quite violently. It has had many nicknames, including “King Cholera” and “the blue death" (due to the bluish pallor of its victims). Although it is still very much present in the world today, cholera remains the quintessential disease of 19th-century cities, the disease that drove improvements in water sources, sewer construction, and public health in Europe and North America. This book is about Hamilton's cholera epidemics in 1832 and 1854, outbreaks that place the city within the sphere of recurring global pandemics and make it a fascinating example of how communities cope with a new disease of unknown cause.</p

Evolution of long-term vaccine-induced and hybrid immunity in healthcare workers after different COVID-19 vaccine regimens

BACKGROUND: Both infection and vaccination, alone or in combination, generate antibody and T cell responses against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). However, the maintenance of such responses-and hence protection from disease-requires careful characterization. In a large prospective study of UK healthcare workers (HCWs) (Protective Immunity from T Cells in Healthcare Workers [PITCH], within the larger SARS-CoV-2 Immunity and Reinfection Evaluation [SIREN] study), we previously observed that prior infection strongly affected subsequent cellular and humoral immunity induced after long and short dosing intervals of BNT162b2 (Pfizer/BioNTech) vaccination. METHODS: Here, we report longer follow-up of 684 HCWs in this cohort over 6-9 months following two doses of BNT162b2 or AZD1222 (Oxford/AstraZeneca) vaccination and up to 6 months following a subsequent mRNA booster vaccination. FINDINGS: We make three observations: first, the dynamics of humoral and cellular responses differ; binding and neutralizing antibodies declined, whereas T and memory B cell responses were maintained after the second vaccine dose. Second, vaccine boosting restored immunoglobulin (Ig) G levels; broadened neutralizing activity against variants of concern, including Omicron BA.1, BA.2, and BA.5; and boosted T cell responses above the 6-month level after dose 2. Third, prior infection maintained its impact driving larger and broader T cell responses compared with never-infected people, a feature maintained until 6 months after the third dose. CONCLUSIONS: Broadly cross-reactive T cell responses are well maintained over time-especially in those with combined vaccine and infection-induced immunity ("hybrid" immunity)-and may contribute to continued protection against severe disease

SARS-CoV-2-specific immune responses and clinical outcomes after COVID-19 vaccination in patients with immune-suppressive disease

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) immune responses and infection outcomes were evaluated in 2,686 patients with varying immune-suppressive disease states after administration of two Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines. Overall, 255 of 2,204 (12%) patients failed to develop anti-spike antibodies, with an additional 600 of 2,204 (27%) patients generating low levels (&lt;380 AU ml−1). Vaccine failure rates were highest in ANCA-associated vasculitis on rituximab (21/29, 72%), hemodialysis on immunosuppressive therapy (6/30, 20%) and solid organ transplant recipients (20/81, 25% and 141/458, 31%). SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell responses were detected in 513 of 580 (88%) patients, with lower T cell magnitude or proportion in hemodialysis, allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation and liver transplant recipients (versus healthy controls). Humoral responses against Omicron (BA.1) were reduced, although cross-reactive T cell responses were sustained in all participants for whom these data were available. BNT162b2 was associated with higher antibody but lower cellular responses compared to ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccination. We report 474 SARS-CoV-2 infection episodes, including 48 individuals with hospitalization or death from COVID-19. Decreased magnitude of both the serological and the T cell response was associated with severe COVID-19. Overall, we identified clinical phenotypes that may benefit from targeted COVID-19 therapeutic strategies

A systematic review of delay in the diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis

Background Early diagnosis and immediate initiation of treatment are essential for an effective tuberculosis (TB) control program. Delay in diagnosis is significant to both disease prognosis at the individual level and transmission within the community. Most transmissions occur between the onset of cough and initiation of treatment. Methods A systematic review of 58 studies addressing delay in diagnosis and treatment of TB was performed. We found different definitions of, for example, debut of symptoms, first appropriate health care provider, time to diagnosis, and start of treatment. Rather than excluding studies that failed to meet strict scientific criteria (like in a meta-analysis), we tried to extract the "solid findings" from all of them to arrive on a more global understanding of diagnostic delay in TB. Results The main factors associated with diagnostic delay included human immunodeficiency virus; coexistence of chronic cough and/or other lung diseases; negative sputum smear; extrapulmonary TB; rural residence; low access (geographical or sociopsychological barriers); initial visitation of a government low-level healthcare facility, private practitioner, or traditional healer; old age; poverty; female sex; alcoholism and substance abuse; history of immigration; low educational level; low awareness of TB; incomprehensive beliefs; self-treatment; and stigma. Conclusion The core problem in delay of diagnosis and treatment seemed to be a vicious cycle of repeated visits at the same healthcare level, resulting in nonspecific antibiotic treatment and failure to access specialized TB services. Once generation of a specific diagnosis was in reach, TB treatment was initiated within a reasonable period of time

COVID-19 Pharmacy Response Across A Multi-Region Health-System: Lessons Learned and the Future of Pharmacy

The national COVID-19 pandemic has challenged health care systems, creating opportunities to respond swift and safely to mitigate risks and impact. As pharmacy leaders and caregivers across the nation continue to manage the COVID-19 pandemic, there is an opportunity to share an example of how a multi-regional health system responded to the public health crisis, share lessons learned to date, and discussing the future of pharmacy practice

Quantifying temporal variability in the metacommunity structure of stream fishes : the influence of non-native species and environmental drivers

Abstract Most studies characterize metacommunities based on a single snapshot of the spatial structure, which may be inadequate for taxa with high migratory behavior (e.g., fish). Here, we applied elements of metacommunity structure to examine variations in the spatial distributions of stream fishes over time and to explore possible structuring mechanisms. Although the major environmental gradients influencing species distributions remained largely the same in time, the best-fit pattern of metacommunity structure varied according to sampling occasion and whether or not we included non-native species in the analyses. Quasi- Clementsian and Clementsian structures were the predominant best-fit structures, indicating the importance of species turnover among sites and the existence of more or less discrete community boundaries. The environmental gradient most correlated with metacommunity structure was defined by altitude, area of artificial ponds in the catchment, and dissolved oxygen content. Our results suggest that the best-fit metacommunity structure of the native species can change in time in this catchment due to seasonal changes in distribution patterns. However, the distribution of non-native species throughout the landscape homogenizes the temporal variability in metacommunity structure of native species. Further studies are necessary from other regions to examine best-fit metacommunity structures of stream fishes within relatively short environmental gradients