Reducing Unemployment in Indonesia: Results From a Growth-employment Elasticity Model

Most of the unemployed in Indonesia are young and inexperienced, still live with their parents, and have at least 12 years of education. starting with the premise that efforts to reduce unemployment should take into account the characteristics of the unemployed, we develop a model to look at the impact of different sectors and locations of economic growth on urban, rural, and national employment using a provincial level panel dataset. we find that increasing employment in rural and urban areas indeed requires different strategies. services growth has the highest elasticity of employment in urban areas, while agriculture growth is still the best avenue to increase rural employment. keywords: unemployment; growth elasticity; profile; Indonesia. jel classification: j21, j23

Objective Measures of Family Welfare for Individual Targeting: Results From Pilot Project on Community Based Monitoring System in Indonesia

This report documents the results of a pilot project on a new poverty monitoring system that improves the current system in three areas. first, it involves the locals in monitoring poverty in their own area. second, the poverty indicators are sensitive to local conditions, accurate, and cannot be easily tampered. third, the results are expeditious, with only five months needed between the start of data collection to final publication. given Indonesia's geographical size and the decentralization that puts more power at the hands of the district governments in determining poverty alleviation programs, we believe that this monitoring system is the most suitable for Indonesia

Economic Growth and Poverty Reduction in Indonesia:the Effects of Location and Sectoral Components of Growth

This study extends the literature on the relationship between economic growth and poverty reduction by differentiating growth and poverty into their sectoral compositions and locations. we find that growth in the rural services sector reduces poverty in all sectors and locations. however, in terms of elasticity of poverty, urban services growth has the largest for all sectors except urban agriculture. we also find that rural agriculture growth strongly reduces poverty in the rural agriculture sector, the largest contributor to poverty in Indonesia. this implies that the most effective way to accelerate poverty reduction is by focusing on rural agriculture and urban services growth. in the long run, however, the focus should be shifted to achieving robust overall growth in the services sector. keywords: economic growth, poverty, urban, rural, Indonesia. jel classifications: i32, o18, o49

Predicting Consumption Poverty Using Non-consumption Indicators: Experiments Using Indonesian Data

Although consumption expenditure data is crucial for assessing the level of people's welfare and calculating important welfare measures such as the poverty headcount rate, collecting such data requires significant time and effort. in this study, we experiment with three approaches to predict consumption expenditure and poverty at household and aggregate level as simpler alternatives to using consumption expenditure. the idea is not to use these alternatives as a substitute for consumption expenditure data, rather to use it for the purposes of rapid monitoring and appraisal of welfare. the three approaches are i) consumption correlates model, ii) poverty probability model, and iii) the wealth index principal components analysis (pca). we test each approach's performance and found that the consumption correlates model is the best approach to predict poverty quickly and relatively accurately. we found that education level, asset ownership, and consumption pattern are the best predictors of expenditure and poverty. keywords: consumption, poverty, predictor, data, Indonesia

Causes of Low Secondary School Enrollment in Indonesia

In this study we investigate the causes of low secondary school enrollment in Indonesia despite near universal primary school attendance. we then find that attrition during the transition between primary and junior secondary education levels is the main cause. we investigate the causes of attrition using a longitudinal household survey dataset. firstly, household welfare level is a significant determinant of the low enrollment. secondly, children from muslim families have a significantly lower probability of continuing to the secondary level. thirdly, children in areas with relatively abundant employment opportunities have a higher probability of giving up schooling. fourthly, girls have a significantly lower chance of continuing. the policy implications of our results point to, among other things, the need for refocusing government education spending and scholarship programs to target those who go missing from the education system after completing primary education. keywords: education, determinants, secondary school, enrollment, Indonesia. jel classification: i21, i28, j16, z12

Uji Sterilitas Instrumen Bedah Terhadap Bakteri Aerob Penyebab Infeksi Di Rumah Sakit Immanuel Bandung

Nosocomial infection is a serious problem almost in every country. In the United State, the incidence of nosocomial infections is about 5 % with mortality rate close to 1 %.Surgical instruments which make close contact with the inner parts of the human body are at high risk of transmitting microorganisms. Autoclave uses and surgical instrument storage techniques play an important role in the prevention of nosocomial infections in surgical room.The aims of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of existing techniques in sterilizing the surgical instruments and their storage to keep germfree, various surgical instruments which were freshly sterilized, stored for 3 and 7 days were tested. Samples were collected direct or indirectly by cotton swabs.The results had showed that scissors failed to be sterilized completely, while germs increased with the length of the storage period. Further studies are needed to evaluate the sources of the contamination and failure

From Access to Income: Regional and Ethnic Inequality in Indonesia

This study investigates regional and ethnic inequality in Indonesia from five dimensions: access to education and health facilities, education outcome, health outcome, voice, as well as income and consumption. we believe this is the first comprehensive study that looks at ethnic inequality in Indonesia. we find systematic inequality between urban and rural areas, but not between ethnic groups. our results indicate that the voiceless rural areas have been left behind by urban areas that have more voice in every indicator. although we do not establish causation, this finding supports the long-held view inherent among Indonesians. the findings of this study imply that public policy aimed at accelerating rural development is the most effective route to reduce inequality in Indonesia. keywords: health, education, income, voice, inequality, ethnic, regional, urban, Indonesia

The Consequences of Child Market Work on the Growth of Human Capital

Child labor is a phenomenon that has attracted a great amount of attention and research. theoretical propositions suggest that child labor is inefficient if it adversely affects future potential earning ability. this paper contributes to the literature on the effects of child market work on human capital by focusing on the long-term growth in human capital, which is widely known to significantly affect earning ability. the paper also uses better measures of human capital by focusing on the output of the human capital production function: numeracy skills, cognitive skills, and pulmonary function. using a rich longitudinal dataset on Indonesia, we find strong negative effects of child labor on the growth of both numeracy and cognitive skills in the next seven years. in addition, we find a strong and negative effect on pulmonary function as measured through lung capacity. comparing the effects by gender and type of work, we find that female child workers suffer from more adverse effects on their mathematical skills growth, while male child workers experience a much smaller growth in their pulmonary function. we also find that child workers who work for a wage outside the family bear worse effects compared to child workers who work in the family business. keywords: child labor, human capital, skills, health, Indonesia jel classifications: i12, i21, j13, j22, o1