Baseline for assessing the impact of Fairtrade certification on cocoa farmers and cooperatives in Ghana

Peer Revie

Baseline for assessing the impact of fairtrade certification on cocoa farmers and cooperatives in Côte d’Ivoire

Report commissioned by Fairtrade Africa and Fairtrade International. World Agroforestry Centre, Nairobi, Kenya. Farms-Forests-LandscapesIn 2014, Fairtrade International, Fairtrade Africa, the World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) and Bioversity International initiated a collaboration for the development of a multidimensional baseline on small-scale cocoa farmers and their cooperatives in West Africa. The baseline is expected to provide a fuller understanding of the current situation for Fairtrade cocoa production and marketing as well as provide the foundation for rigorous assessment of outcomes and impacts of Fairtrade certification on cocoa cooperatives and smallholder households in West Africa in the future. Côte d’Ivoire and Ghana, the two largest Fairtrade cocoa producers in West Africa, provide about 68 percent of the cocoa that is sold under Fairtrade terms in global markets. In 2013, the year this study was commissioned, the volume of Fairtrade cocoa sold from West Africa reached 133 400 tonnes, involving 71 cooperatives and producer associations and 138 800 farmers. Most of this cocoa originated from Côte d’Ivoire and Ghana. The rapid growth in the number of cocoa-producing organizations joining the Fairtrade system in Côte d’Ivoire and Ghana provides a unique opportunity to build a baseline on Fairtrade cocoa producers in West Africa for future monitoring and impact assessment. This report focuses on the Fairtrade cocoa baseline for Côte d’Ivoire (a similar report is available for Ghana). It describes the conceptual framework and methods used in the design of the baseline, followed by an assessment of the context in Côte d’Ivoire. Key features of the baseline data at the cooperative and household levels are covered in detail. The report concludes with some recommendations to Fairtrade for expanding Fairtrade International in Côte d’Ivoire and for follow-up actions for future baseline work

Effect of Radiation Dose and Foaming Agent Concentration Onto Synthesis and Characteristic of Superabsorbent Polyacrilamide-sodium Carboxy Methyl Celulose Copolymer Hydrogel

Effect of radiation dose and foaming agent concentration onto synthesis and characteristic of superabsorbent hydrogel based on copolymer of polyacrylamide and sodium carboxyl methyl Cellulose (PAAm-co-CMCNa ) was studied. In order to improve the swelling ratio of PAAm-co-CMCNa hydrogel sodiumbicarbonate (NaHCO3) was added, due to its capability to form pores in the polymer matrix. The concentration of acrylamide (AAm) and sodium carboxyl methyl cellulose (CMCNa) used were 7.5 % and 3 % respectively while the concentration of NaHCO3 used was 1, 2 and 3 %. Samples were irradiated at irradiation dose of 15, 20, 25 and 30 kGy with a dose rate of 10 kGy/hours. Hydrogel PAAm-co-CMCNa was examined for several items such as physical appearance, gel fraction, effects of immersion time and temperature on the swelling ratio, as well as the equilibrium degree swelling (EDS). The functional groups were characterized by using infrared spectrophotometer (FT-IR). FT-IR analysis of PAAm-co-CMCNa showed an appearance of new peaks appeared at wave numbers of 3643 and 1782 cm-1 which belong to N-H group of NH2 and C=O group respectively. Whereas the intensity of wave number 1606 cm-1 which belong to C=C group decreased, due to the occurrence of crosslinking between C=C group of AAm with CMCNa. The hydrogel characterization results also showed that the optimum irradiation dosage was 30 kGy with a concentration of NaHCO3 was 3 %. The EDS value was obtained at 240th minutes. The PAAm-co-CMCNa hydrogel had a high swelling ratio with increasing temperature from 27 °C to 50 °C

Hubungan antara Harga Diri dengan Kecerdasan Interpersonal Guru Taman Kanak-kanak di Kecamatan Tampan Kota Pekanbaru

The aim of this research is to know whether there is levels and correlation between self esteem and interpersonal intelligence of kindergarten's teachers at Tampan District of Pekanbaru City. The samples of this research is kindergarten' s teachers at Tampan District of Pekanbaru City that consists of 55 teachers. Method of this research is Pearson Product Moment correlation to know the correlation between Self Esteem and Interpersonal Intelligence. The technique of collecting data used questioner in Likert scale form. The technique of analyzing data used scale test and statistic analytical. Based of this research there is level of self esteem in the medium category with the percentage 80,12% and the level of interpersonal intelligence in the medium category with the percentage 78,42%. Based of hypothesis there is any significant positive correlation between self esteem and interpersonal intelligence of kindergarten's teachers at Tampan District of Pekanbaru City. It could be seen from the result of correlation coefficient that rxy = 0,648 and significant level is 0,000 < 0,05. The level of correlation between self esteem and interpersonal intelligence of kindergarten's teachers is in the highcategory with the rank of determinant coefficient in the amount of KD = r² x 100% = 41,99%, it means that self esteem affect interpersonal intelligence as much as 41,99%

Hubungan antara Harga Diri dengan Kecerdasan Interpersonal Guru Taman Kanak-kanak di Kecamatan Tampan Kota Pekanbaru

The aim of this research is to know whether there is levels and correlation between self esteem and interpersonal intelligence of kindergarten\u27s teachers at Tampan District of Pekanbaru City. The samples of this research is kindergarten\u27 s teachers at Tampan District of Pekanbaru City that consists of 55 teachers. Method of this research is Pearson Product Moment correlation to know the correlation between Self Esteem and Interpersonal Intelligence. The technique of collecting data used questioner in Likert scale form. The technique of analyzing data used scale test and statistic analytical. Based of this research there is level of self esteem in the medium category with the percentage 80,12% and the level of interpersonal intelligence in the medium category with the percentage 78,42%. Based of hypothesis there is any significant positive correlation between self esteem and interpersonal intelligence of kindergarten\u27s teachers at Tampan District of Pekanbaru City. It could be seen from the result of correlation coefficient that rxy = 0,648 and significant level is 0,000 < 0,05. The level of correlation between self esteem and interpersonal intelligence of kindergarten\u27s teachers is in the highcategory with the rank of determinant coefficient in the amount of KD = r² x 100% = 41,99%, it means that self esteem affect interpersonal intelligence as much as 41,99%

Pengaruh Kepadatan Yang Berbeda Terhadap Kelulushidupan Dan Pertumbuhan Ikan Mas (Cyprinus Carpio) Pada Sistem Resirkulasi Dengan Filter Arang

Common carp (Cyprinus carpio) is a freshwater fish with economical value. High density will result in a limited movement space, higher competition towards oxygen and feed the growth of fish. An increase in density will also decrease the water qualitty One of the efforts to overcome the problem is with the improvement of the environment system by using charcoal filter in recirculation system. The purpose of this research was to explore the influence of different density and the best quantity towards survival rate and growth of common carp (C.carpio) and knowing the effectiveness of charcoal filter on recirculation system. This study was carried out on July to October 2012 at the Laboratory of Aquaculture, Diponegoro University, Semarang. Data obtaired are absolute biomass growth, rate of absolute specifics length, survival rate, ammonia levels, feeding efficiency, and water quality parameters. Experimental research conducted used RAL (completely randomize design) with 3 treatment and 3 replication. Treatment A (10/10 liter), treatment B (15/10 liter), and treatment c (20/10 liter). The result showed that different density has significant effect (P0,05) for survival rate. The different in density absolute biomass growth and survival rate on the best 10 density of fish/10 liter, SR 86,67%±5,77, G 47,42±0,62 g; SGR 2,45±0,04%g/hari; FCR 1,15±0,03, the effectiveness charcoal filter to find ammonia to day 30 a treatment C (20/10 liter) and the measurement of water quality parameters still suitable for Common carp (C. carpio)

Pengaruh Blending Minyak Nabati Pada Pelumas Dari Minyak Mineral Terhadap Stabilitas Oksidasi Dan Ketahanan Korosi

Pelumas adalah bahan yang dipakai untuk melapisi permukaan sehingga tidak kontak langsung dengan permukaan lain yang bergerak relatif terhadap permukaan lain. Beberapa USAha telah dilakukan untuk meminimalkan pemakaian pelumas dari minyak bumi, karena terbatasnya ketersediaan, tidak terbarukan dan mempunyai kelemahan diantaranya tidak mampu didegradasi sehingga bisa mengakibatkan pencemaran lingkungan. Salah satu USAha yang bisa dilakukan untuk menurunkan konsumsi dan meningkatkan karakteristik minyak bumi adalah dengan mencampurkan antara base oil dari minyak mineral dengan minyak nabati. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mempelajari pengaruh pencampuran minyak nabati pada base oil dari minyak mineral terhadap kestabilan oksidasi. Kestabilan oksidasi dikaji berdasarkan sifat fisik dan kimianya, yaitu Total Acid Number (TAN), Indek Viskositas (IV), dan Uji ketahanan terhadap korosi. Penelitian dilakukan dengan mencampurkan base oil minyak mineral dengan campuran minyak kelapa dan minyak dedak padi agar kualitasnya meningkat. Minyak nabati yang ditambahkan terhadap base oil minyak mineral pada penelitian ini adalah 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, serta 20% (%v/v), pencampuran dilakukan selama 15 menit pada temperatur 600C sampai dengan 700C. Campuran minyak didiamkan selama 30 hari, selanjutnya diuji Total Acid Number, Indeks Viskositas, dan Pengurangan Berat Loga