A revision of Antarctic and some Indo-Pacific apodid sea cucumbers (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Apodida)

Eight new apodid species from Antarctica are described: myriotrochids Achiridota smirnovi sp. nov., Myriotrochus nikiae sp. nov., Prototrochus linseae sp. nov., Prototrochus barnesi sp. nov., and chiridotids Kolostoneura griffithsi sp.nov., Scoliorhapis bipearli sp. nov., Scoliorhapis massini sp. nov., Taeniogyrus prydzi sp. nov. Genera Scoliorhapis H. L. Clark, Taeniogyrus Semper and Trochodota Ludwig are reviewed. Scoliodotella Oguro is a junior synonym of Scoliorhapis H. L. Clark. Trochodota Ludwig type species is fixed as Holothuria (Fistularia) purpurea Lesson. Trochodota Ludwig is a junior synonym of Taeniogyrus Semper. Sigmodota Studer type species is fixed as Chiridota contorta Ludwig, and Sigmodota Studer is raised out of synonymy with Taeniogyrus Semper. Species assigned to Sigmodota are Chiridota contorta Ludwig, Taeniogyrus dubius H. L. Clark (as Sigmodota dubia) and Taeniogyrus magnibaculus Massin and Hétérier (as Sigmodota magnibacula). Non-Antarctic new genus Rowedota gen. nov. is erected with type species Taeniogyrus allani Joshua, and other assigned species Trochodota epiphyka O’Loughlin, Trochodota mira Cherbonnier, Trochodota shepherdi Rowe and Trochodota vivipara Cherbonnier. Trochodota species not assigned to Rowedota gen.nov. and Sigmodota Studer are assigned to Taeniogyrus Semper. Other Antarctic apodid species discussed are Myriotrochus antarcticus Smirnov and Bardsley, Myriotrochus hesperides O’Loughlin and Manjón-Cabeza and Taeniogyrus antarcticus Heding. Non-Antarctic apodid species discussed are Chiridota pisanii Ludwig, Chiridota australiana Stimpson and Trochodota maculata H. L. Clark. The spelling of the species name Myriotrochus macquariensis Belyaev and Mironov is corrected. A table with Antarctic Apodida species and their distributions is provided. A table with specimen and ossicle sizes for some Taeniogyrinae species is provided. A key to genera of Taeniogyrinae is provided. Species names are standardized to: macquariensis; studeri; theeli

The phyllophorid sea cucumbers of southern Australia (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Dendrochirotida: Phyllophoridae)

A new monotypic Phyllophoridae (Phyllophorinae) genus Phyllostauros, with author O’Loughlin, is erected for Thyone vercoi Joshua and Creed. We raise Phyllophorella Heding and Panning (subgenus of Phyllophorus Grube) to generic rank. The holotype and three paratypes of Phyllophorus ventripes Joshua and Creed are conspecific with Thyone vercoi Joshua and Creed. We make Phyllophorus ventripes Joshua and Creed a subjective junior synonym of Thyone vercoi Joshua and Creed. One paratype of Phyllophorus ventripes Joshua and Creed is conspecific with Phyllophorus thyonoides H. L. Clark. We reject the synonymy of Thyone okeni Bell with Thyone venusta Selenka. Twelve new species of Phyllophoridae are described for southern Australia, with author O’Loughlin: Lipotrapeza eichleri, Lipotrapeza litusi,Massinium melanieae, Massinium vimsi, Massinium watsonae, Phyllophorella notialis, Thyone flindersi, Thyone joshuai, Thyone kerkosa, Thyone spenceri, Thyone tourvillei, Thyonidiella kungi. Phyllophoridae species reported previously for southern Australia are reviewed: Lipotrapeza ventripes (Joshua and Creed); Lipotrapeza vestiens (Joshua); Neothyonidium dearmatum (Dendy and Hindle); Phyrella thyonoides (H. L. Clark); Thyone nigra Joshua and Creed; Thyone okeni Bell; Thyone vercoi Joshua and Creed. Species Phyrella thyonoides (H. L. Clark) is re-assigned to genus Phyllophorella Heding and Panning. A key is provided for the southern Australian species of Phyllophoridae. We acknowledge the rejection for nomenclatorial purposes by the ICZN (Opinion 417) of the publication by Oken 1815, and hence the current invalid statusof genus Thyone Oken. A petition has been sent to the ICZN for re-validation of Thyone Oken and we retain the use of Thyone Oken provisionally. The petition includes a similar request for re-validation of Psolus Oken

The paracaudinid sea cucumbers of Australia and New Zealand (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Molpadida: Caudinidae)

The four Paracaudina Heding species reported in Australia are reviewed: Paracaudina australis (Semper); Paracaudina chilensis (Müller); Paracaudina luticola Hickman; Paracaudina tetrapora (H. L. Clark). The New Zealand species Paracaudina coriacea (Hutton) is raised out of synonymy with the Chilean species Paracaudina chilensis (Müller). Both Paracaudina chilensis (Müller) and Paracaudina coriacea (Hutton) occur in New Zealand. The synonymy of the Chinese and Japanese species Paracaudina ransonnetii (Marenzeller) with Paracaudina chilensis (Müller) is maintained. Five new Caudinidae species are erected for Australia, with authors O’Loughlin and Barmos: Paracaudina ambigua, Paracaudina bacillis, Paracaudina cuprea, Paracaudina keablei, Paracaudina tripoda. A key is provided for Paracaudina species in Australia and New Zealand

On the association between the crab <i>Hapalonotus reticulatus</i> (Crustacea, Brachyura, Eumedonidae) and the sea cucumber <i>Holothuria (Metriatyla) scabra</i> (Echinodermata, Holothuridae)

A study of the fauna associated with holothurians from Hansa Bay (Papua New Guinea) reveals a new symbiotic association between the holothuroid Holothuria (Metriatyla) scabra and the crab Hapalonotus reticulatus. All the collected holothurians were infested, but with only one crab per holothurian, always in the right respiratory tree near the cloaca. Because of its size, H. reticulatus considerably expands the wall of the respiratory tree forming a membranaceous cyst. This association, therefore, appears to be parasitic. However, the crab does not feed upon host tissue but seems to filter its food from water passing through the respiratory tree of its host. The description of two males allows to comment upon the taxonomical position of H. reticulatus. We classify H. reticulatus in the recently re-established family Eumedonidae. This is the first record of a species of Eumedonia living in association with a holothurian

On two poorly-known species of the millipede family Polydesmidae(Diplopoda: Polydesmida) from Central Asia

Brief redescriptions and sufficiently detailed iconographies and comments are given for two rather obscure polydesmid millipede species from Central Asia: Schizoturanius kitabensis (Guli&#269;ka, 1963) and Epanerchodus redikorzevi (Lohmander, 1933)

A new species of the millipede genus <i>Koponenius</i> Golovatch et VandenSpiegel, 2014, from Nepal (Diplopoda: Polydesmida: Haplodesmidae)

Koponenius, the westernmost genus of the basically Australasian family Haplodesmidae which has hitherto been known by three species only, one each from northern India, Nepal and Myanmar, is again found in Nepal through the discovery of K. schawalleri Golovatch et VandenSpiegel sp.n

Using sea cucumbers to illustrate the basics of zoological nomenclature

In addition to a brief account of the need to have unique and unambiguous scientific names for taxa, this paper, annotated with examples of sea cucumbers, explains the basics of zoological nomenclature. In doing so it aims to reduce the confusion that exists among various breeds of end-users of taxonomists who may not fully understand the seemingly arbitrary and often volatile nature of scientific names. This paper also aims to provide teachers and students with a comprehensible account of the basic principles of zoological nomenclature

The sea cucumber Holothuria lineata Ludwig, 1875 (Holothuroidea, Aspidochirotida, Holothuriidae) re-described from the newly found type

A re-description of the little-known holothurian species Holothuria (Lessonothuria) lineata Ludwig, 1875 is given. It is based on the single recovered type specimen and an individual recently collected on Glorioso Islands, near Madagascar. A key to separate three closely related and commonly confused species, i.e., Holothuria (Lessonothuria) pardalis Selenka, 1867, Holothuria (Lessenothuria) verrucosa Selenka, 1867 and Holothuria (Lessonothuria) insignis Ludwig, 1875, is presented

The millipede genus Globanus Attems, 1914, endemic to São Tomé and Príncipe, with the descriptionof a new species (Diplopoda, Spirostreptida, Spirostreptidae)

During a soil zoological expedition to São Tomé and Príncipe in 2010 by the California Academy of Sciences, millipedes of the genus Globanus were collected. Samples of G. marginescaber (Karsch, 1884) and G. integer (Karsch, 1884) were recovered in addition to those containing a new species. Globanus drewesi sp. nov. is described and additional records, illustrations, and descriptive notes are given for the other two species. A key to all three species of the genus is provided, and a distribution map is presented. The monotypic genus Lobogonus Demange, 1971, which includes L. trilobatus Demange, 1971, from Sierra Leone, mainland western Africa, is revalidated and removed from synonymy under Globanus. Lobogonus is illustrated from a type specimen

The first record of the pantropical anthropochore millipede, Cylindrodesmus hirsutus Pocock, 1889, from Cameroon (Diplopoda: Polydesmida: Haplodesmidae)

The first formal record of the pantropical millipede, Cylindrodesmus hirsutus Pocock, 1889, is given from Cameroon. The species seems to be restricted to a man-made palm plantation within the capital city of Yaoundé, apparently being represented by a bisexual population. A male is richly illustrated to confirm the identity