Parents' gender-based attitudes toward marital roles and child rearing: Development and validation of new measures

Factor analysis of 18 Likert-type items dealing with gender stereotypes about family roles was conducted and yielded two measures: one focused on marital roles and one focussed on child rearing. Respondents were parents of children in the third and fourth grades of a large industrialized city in the Midwest. The sample included 364 families equally divided between middle and lower class with 23% African American and 77% European American. For both scales, more stereotyped scores were obtained by parents who were lower in social status, less educated, full-time homemakers, African Americans, and fathers. Parents' scores related to a separate measure of children's stereotypes and the marital-role attitudes related to actual roles reported by family members. Daughters whose parents obtained less stereotyped scores had a more internal locus of control, showed a trend toward more independent coping skills, and—in the middle class—obtained higher scores on achievement tests.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/45608/1/11199_2005_Article_BF01544598.pd

Human Resource and Funding Constraints for Essential Surgery in District Hospitals in Africa: A Retrospective Cross-Sectional Survey

In the second of two papers investigating surgical provision in eight district hospitals in Saharan African countries, Margaret Kruk and colleagues describe the range of providers of surgical care and anesthesia and estimate the related costs

The value of children to parents in the United States

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/43479/1/11111_2004_Article_BF01277597.pd

Risk-based decision analysis of atmospheric emission alternatives to reduce ground water degradation on the European scale

Environmental degradation due to emissions of sulfur dioxide, nitrate oxides, and ammonia from diffuse sources amounts to substantial costs to society and so do the alternatives to protect and restore the environment. Damage to ground water includes acidification, aluminum leaching, elevated concentrations of nitrate, and eutrophication. Monetary risk-based decision analysis (on a national scale) is applied to compare alternative actions designed to protect ground water from further degradation. Thisdecision analysis uses simulations of nitrate and aluminum concentrations over a 15 year period with two reduction scenarios for sulfur dioxide, nitrate oxides, and ammonia, and results in estimates of economic uncertainty. For each alternative, an objective function is estimated including the implementation costs, the economic risk associated with failure according to the selected decision criteria, and the economic benefits related to the implementation, The decision criteria are based on the EuropeanCommunity drinking water quality standards for nitrate and aluminum. The study aims at incorporating the hydrogeologic uncertainty resulting from the propagation of errors from data input to model output, A range of economic values has been applied to the ground water resource to study the sensitivity of the decision analysis to valuing ground water. The results indicate that higher reduction rates of the studied pollutants reduce the economic uncertainty but also lead to larger total costs. The study also indicates that the economic uncertainty may be equal to the total cost provided by the objective function. The contamination level of nitrate is much more responsive to the reduction scenarios than the aluminum concentration. For high, but not unrealistic, ground water valuing, the economic uncertainty makes the decision between the studied alternatives unclear

Application of airborne LiDAR data and airborne multispectral imagery to structural mapping of the upper section of the Troodos ophiolite, Cyprus

Structural maps are traditionally produced by mapping features such as faults, folds, fabrics, fractures and joints in the field. However, large map areas and the spatially limited ground perspective of the field geologist can potentially increase the likelihood that not all structural features will be identified within a given area. The ability to recognise and map both local and regional structural features using high-resolution remote sensing data provides an opportunity to complement field-based mapping to help generate more comprehensive structural maps. Nonetheless, vegetation cover can adversely affect the extraction of structural information from remotely sensed data as it can mask the appearance of subtle spectral and geomorphological features that correspond to geological structures. This study investigates the utility of airborne Light Detection And Ranging (LiDAR) data and airborne multispectral imagery for detailed structural mapping in vegetated ophiolitic rocks and sedimentary cover of a section of the northern Troodos ophiolite, Cyprus. Visual enhancement techniques were applied to a 4-m airborne LiDAR digital terrain model and 4-m airborne multispectral imagery to assist the generation of structural lineament maps. Despite widespread vegetation cover, dykes and faults were recognisable as lineaments in both data sets, and the predominant strike trends of lineaments in all resulting maps were found to be in agreement with fieldbased structural data. Interestingly, prior to fieldwork, most lineaments were assumed to be faults, but were ground verified as dykes instead, emphasising the importance of ground-truthing. Dyke and fault trends documented in this study define a pervasive structural fabric in the upper Troodos ophiolite that reflects the original sea-floor spreading history in the Larnaca graben. This structural fabric has not previously been observed in such detail and is likely to be continuous in adjacent regions under sedimentary cover. This information may be useful to future exploration efforts in the region focused on identification of structurally controlled mineral and groundwater resources. Overall, our case study highlights the efficacy of airborne LiDAR data and airborne multispectral imagery for extracting detailed and accurate structural information in hard-rock terrain to help complement field-based mapping

Feasibility Study for Transnasal Endoscopic Repair of Orbital Floor Fracture With Alloplastic Implant

Objective: Fractures of the orbital floor are common yet repaired by various techniques, including open periorbital, transantral endoscopic, and endoscopic endonasal approaches. To date, endoscopic endonasal repair of an orbital floor fracture using an alloplastic implant has not been described. We aim to determine the technique and limitations of completely endoscopic endonasal orbital floor repair using an alloplastic implant. Study Design: Cadaveric anatomic study and retrospective case series. Methods: Cadaveric study of 12 sides with endoscopic sinonasal dissection followed by the creation and repair of an isolated orbital floor fracture using an alloplastic implant. Four representative patient cases are presented in which the techniques developed in the cadaveric study were employed. Patients were selected for this technique based on the results of the cadaveric study. Results: Cadaveric study demonstrated feasibility of access and repair for fractures that did not extend lateral to the infraorbital canal or anterior to the nasolacrimal duct. In all cadaveric sides and in all 4 patient cases, successful alloplastic orbital floor reconstruction was achieved. Conclusion: This method of repair is feasible for selected patients and may be considered in cases of favorable fracture anatomy with or without concomitant indication for an ipsilateral sinus procedure. </jats:sec