Deoxygenation of organic nitrites

Organic nitrites deoxygenated in presence of tervalent phosphorus reagent

Cover Crop and No-Tillage Impacts on Soil Health and Soil Nitrogen in Indiana

Cover crops, plants grown during the fallow period between cash crop growing seasons, have gained increasing amounts of attention throughout the agriculture industry in recent years. Many producers use them to reduce soil erosion, scavenge nutrients, and improve soil structure, water infiltration, and soil health, but questions still remain on maximizing cover crop benefits while simultaneously maintaining or improving cash crop production. This study measured cover crop and no-tillage effects on soil nitrogen and cash crop yield across multiple sites in Indiana beginning in fall 2015 and ending in fall 2017, typically in a corn (Zea mays L.)/soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) rotation. Many of the sites had utilized cover crops for at least three to four years by fall 2015 as part of the Conservation Cropping Systems for Soil Health and Productivity (CCSSHP) Project, which was initiated in fall 2012. Cover crops generally reduced soil nitrate-N levels compared to no cover crops in the fall when good cover crop growth occurred. The same trend occurred in the spring, again when cover crops had good growth and did not winter kill. Cover crops did not negatively influence cash crop yields in fall 2016 or fall 2017. In addition, in 2017 a subset of three sites comparing cover crops versus no cover crops in no-tillage, and one with a tillage and no cover crop conventional neighbor, were selected for an in-depth look at soil health indicators across five sampling dates during the cash crop growing season. In previous years of the study, soil health indicators were measured once yearly at V3-V6 growth stages in corn. In order to determine if sampling at that time was ideal for detecting real differences in soil health indicators between cover crop and no cover crop treatments, four additional sample times were selected for comparison. The indicators discussed included active carbon and soil respiration, as measured by the Cornell Comprehensive Assessment of Soil Health (CASH), as well as arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AM-fungi), gram positive bacteria, gram negative bacteria, non AM-fungi, fungi:bacteria ratio, actinobacteria, protozoa, and total PLFA, which is used as an estimate of total microbial biomass, as measured by a PLFA analysis conducted by the University of Missouri Soil Health Assessment Center. Results indicated that sampling time selection should be chosen based on the goals of the sampler. To find differences between a cover crop and no cover crop comparison, when ample cover crop biomass growth occurs in the spring, sampling at V3-V6 growth stages in corn may be best. To detect the highest values throughout the whole season, particularly in indicators measured in the PLFA analysis, sampling at the end of the season after cash crop harvest may be best

\u3ci\u3eClinostomum poteae\u3c/i\u3e n. sp. (Digenea: Clinostomidae), in the trachea of a double-crested cormorant \u3ci\u3ePhalacrocorax auritus\u3c/i\u3e Lesson, 1831 and molecular data linking the life-cycle stages of \u3ci\u3eClinostomum album\u3c/i\u3e Rosser, Alberson, Woodyard, Cunningham, Pote & Griffin, 2017 in Mississippi, USA

Clinostomum spp. (Digenea: Clinostomidae) are a group of trematodes commonly found in the buccal cavity and oesophagus of a variety of piscivorous birds. The metacercariae, colloquially known as ‘‘yellow grubs,’’ have been reported from a diverse group of freshwater fishes worldwide. In the catfish farming region of the southeastern USA, piscivorous birds present a continuous challenge for aquaculturists in the form of fish depredation and the introduction of trematodes into these static, earthen pond systems. Clinostomum spp. are commonly encountered in farmraised catfish. While generally considered pests of minimal importance, heavy infections can result in unmarketable fillets. Of the piscivorous birds that frequent catfish aquaculture operations in the southeastern US, the double-crested cormorant (Phalacrocorax auritus Lesson) is one of the most damaging, although reports of Clinostomum spp. from P. auritus are limited. In this study, adult trematodes morphologically consistent with Clinostomum sp. were found in the trachea of a double-crested cormorant captured in Lowndes Co., Mississippi, USA. These specimens differed from other recognised Clinostomum spp. in several key morphological characters. Moreover, sequence data of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 gene (cox1), nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide dehydrogenase subunit 1 gene (nad1) and ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions did not match any known Clinostomum sp. for which sequence data are available. While genetically similar to C. marginatum and C. album Rosser, Alberson, Woodyard, Cunningham, Pote & Griffin, 2017 reported from the great egret Ardea alba L. in Mississippi, these adult clinostomids were larger in size and limited to the trachea, whereas both C. marginatum Rudolphi, 1819 and C. album are found in the oral cavity and esophagus. Given these distinct morphological and molecular characters we propose a new member of the genus, known hereafter as Clinostomum poteae n. sp. Additionally, larval stages in the life-cycle of C. album are morphologically and molecularly identified for the first time from ramshorn snails Planorbella trivolvis Say and fathead minnows Pimephales promelas Rafinesque

Bovine pericardium based non-cross linked collagen matrix for successful root coverage, a clinical study in human

Introduction: The aim of this study was to clinically assess the capacity of a novel bovine pericardium based, non-cross linked collagen matrix in root coverage. Methods: 62 gingival recessions of Miller class I or II were treated. The matrix was adapted underneath a coronal repositioned split thickness flap. Clinical values were assessed at baseline and after six months. Results: The mean recession in each patient was 2.2 mm at baseline. 6 Months after surgery 86.7% of the exposed root surfaces were covered. On average 0,3 mm of recession remained. The clinical attachment level changed from 3.5 ± 1.3 mm to 1,8 ( ± 0,7) mm during the observational time period. No statistically significant difference was found in the difference of probing depth. An increase in the width of gingiva was significant. With a baseline value of 1.5 ± 0.9 mm an improvement of 2.4 ± 0.8 mm after six month could be observed. 40 out of 62 recessions were considered a thin biotype at baseline. After 6 months all 62 sites were assessed thick. Conclusions: The results demonstrate the capacity of the bovine pericardium based non-cross linked collagen matrix for successful root coverage. This material was able to enhance gingival thickness and the width of keratinized gingiva. The percentage of root coverage achieved thereby is comparable to existing techniques. This method might contribute to an increase of patient's comfort and an enhanced aesthetical outcome

Sex differences in money pathology in the general population

This study examined sex differences in money beliefs and behaviours. Over 100,000 British participants completed two measures online, one of which assessed “money pathology” (Forman in Mind over money, Doubleday, Toronto, 1987), and the other four “money types”, based on the emotional associations of money (Furnham et al. in Personal Individ Differ, 52:707–711, 2012). Nearly all measures showed significant sex differences with medium to large effect sizes, and with females exhibiting more “money pathology” than males. The biggest difference on the money types was on money being associated with generosity (money representing love) where men scored much lower than females, and autonomy (money representing freedom) where men scored higher than women. For men, more than women, money represented Power and Security. Men were more likely to be Hoarders while women did more emotional regulatory purchasing. Implications and limitations of this study are discussed