Development of Bacillus thuringiensis CryIC resistance by Spodoptera exigua (Huebner) (Lepidoptera : Noctuidae)

Selection of resistance in Spodoptera exigua (Hubner) to an HD-1 spore-crystal mixture, CryIC (HD-133) inclusion bodies, and trypsinized toxin from Bacillus thuringiensis' subsp, aizawai and B. thuringiensis subsp. entomocidus was attempted by using laboratory bioassays. No resistance to the HD-1 spore-crystal mixture could be achieved after 20 generations of selection. Significant levels of resistance (11-fold) to CryIC inclusion bodies expressed in Escherichia coli were observed after seven generations, Subsequent selection of the CryIC-resistant population with trypsinized CryIC toxin resulted, after 21 generations of CryIC selection, in a population of S. exigua that exhibited only 8% mortality at the highest toxin concentration tested (320 mu g/g), whereas the 50% lethal concentration was 4.30 mu g/g for the susceptible colony. Insects resistant to CryIC toxin from HD-133 also were resistant to trypsinized CryIA(b), CryIC from B. thuringiensis subsp. entomocidus, CryIE-CryIC fusion protein (G27), CryIH, and CryIIA. In vitro binding experiments with brush border membrane vesicles showed a twofold decrease in maximum CryIC binding, a fivefold difference in K-d, and no difference in the concentration of binding sites for the CryIC-resistant insects compared with those for the susceptible insects, Resistance to CryIC was significantly reduced by the addition of HD-1 spores, Resistance to the CryIC toxin was still observed 12 generations after CryIC selection was removed. These results suggest that, in S. exigua, resistance to a single protein is more likely to occur than resistance to spore crystal mixtures and that once resistance occurs, insects will be resistant to many other Cry proteins, These results have important implications for devising S. exigua resistance management strategies in the field

Kajian Etnopedagogi: Seba dalam Masyarakat Baduy

Etnopedagogi memandang pengetahuan atau kearifan lokal (local nowledge, local wisdom) sebagai sumber inovasi dan keterampilan yang dapat diberdayakan demi kesejahteraan masyarakat. Selanjutnya, Hafid, et al (2015) menegaskan bahwa “...Ethnopedagogy is an educational practice based on local wisdom in various fields such as medicinal treatment, selfdefence art, living environment, agriculture, economy, government, calendar system, and etc. Ethnopedagogy perceives that knowledge or local wisdom as the source of innovation and skill that can be empowered for the sake of the society's welfare...”. Pendapat ini menegaskan bahwa etnopedagogi mengangkat nilai- nilai kearifan lokal sebagai bagian penting dalam proses pendidikan, sebagai bagian dari proses pembudayaan. Selain itu, dalam ekskalasi interaksi sosial yang semakin dinamis karena berbagai isyu yang akan menjadi pemicu munculnya konflik, juga menempatkan etnopedagogi sebagai model pembelajaran berbasis perbedaan dalam upaya menemukan upaya penyatuan dalam perbedaan itu sendiri. Hal ini sebagaimana diungkapkan oleh Guzaliya Zh Fahrutdinova (2016) dalam salah satu kajian empiriknya menjelaskan sebagai berikut : “ With the increased tension in human relations, in a burst of misundertsanding, ethnic conflicts, which have proliferated in a new socio-cultural environment, the study of processes of interaction in multi-ethnic educational environment and upbringing, the emerging national identity for centuries, actualizes the importance of contemporary problems of etnopedagogical education”.Pendidikan melalui pendekatan etnopedagogi, melihat pengetahuan lokal sebagai sumber inovasi dan keterampilan yang dapat diberdayakan (Priadi Surya, 2011) untuk proses pembelajaran yang sedang dan akan berlangsung. Kearifan lokal merupakan ungkapan budaya yang khas, didalamnya terkandung tata nilai, etika, norma, aturan dan ketrampilan suatu komunitas dalam memenuhi tantangan keberlanjutan kehidupannya (Suswandari, 2017). Bahkan tidak jarang, kearifan lokal sering digunakan sebagai lokal decisión making, sebagaimana berlaku dalam bidang pengelolaan sumber daya alam dan berbagai aktivitas sosial lainnya dalam lingkungan kehidupan masyarakat.Kata Kunci, Etnopaedagogi, seba, masyarakat dam baduy

Alternatif Kebijakan Penyaluran Subsidi Pupuk Bagi Petani Pangan

EnglishFertilizer is one of important production factors in food farming to gain high productivity. Efforts to manage procurement, distribution, and proper fertilizer application have been regulated, implemented, and controlled by the government. However, complaints related to fertilizer distribution problems still exist. This study aims to analyze national fertilizer performance, especially fertilizer policy for food sector, fertilizer industry, and farmer dynamicsin formulating fertilizer needs and its application; and to formulate fertilizer policy alternatives that can increase fertilizer distribution efficiency and use of budget subsidy. Coverage and data of this study wereat national level. Analytical methods of this study were both quantitative and qualitative descriptiveapproaches. The main finding of this study was a formulation of four policy alternatives pertaining distribution mean of direct fertilizer subsidy delivered to farmers. Implementation of these policy alternatives requires availability of accurate data on rice farmers, agricultural land ownership and use, and food farming system profile nationwide. In the short run, in order to increase distribution efficiency of subsidized fertilizer to farmers, it is recommended that some adjustmentsto the current fertilizer policy must be done on price of natural gas as raw material for Urea, level of subsidized price of fertilizers paid by farmers, document of definitive plan of fertilizer needs of farmer groups (RDKK), and function of fertilizer supervision commission at regional levels.IndonesiaPupuk merupakan salah satu faktor produksi penting dalam USAha tani pangan untuk memperoleh produktivitas tinggi. Upaya mengelola pengadaan, penyaluran, dan penggunaan pupuk telah diatur, dilaksanakan, dan diawasi pemerintah, namun keluhan terkait dengan permasalahan penyaluran pupuk bersubsidi masih saja terjadi. Pengkajian ini bertujuan untuk menganalis keragaan perpupukan nasional, terutama kebijakan penyaluran pupuk bersubsidi untuk subsektor pangan, industri pupuk nasional, dan dinamika petani dalam penyusunan kebutuhan serta pemanfaatan pupuk; dan merumuskan alternatif kebijakan perpupukan yang dapat meningkatkan efisiensi dalam penyaluran dan anggaran subsidi pupuk. Cakupan kajian dan data yang digunakan adalah pada tingkat nasional. Metode kajian menggunakan analisis kuantitatif dan deskriptif kualitatif. Hasil utama kajian ini berupa formulasi empat alternatif kebijakan cara penyaluran anggaran subsidi pupuk langsung diberikan kepada petani. Implementasi alernatif kebijakan tersebut mempersyaratkan tersedianya data yang akurat tentang petani padi, penguasaan dan pengusahaan lahan pertanian, dan profil USAha tani pangan secara nasional. Dalam jangka pendek, untuk meningkatkan efisiensi penyaluran pupuk bersubsidi ke petani disarankan dilakukan beberapa penyesuaian atas kebijakan perpupukan saat ini, yaitu harga gas bumi sebagai bahan baku Urea, harga eceran tertinggi pupuk bersubsidi, dokumen rencana definitif kebutuhan kelompok (RDKK), dan fungsi komisi pengawasan pupuk di daera

Analisis Implementasi Kebijakan PKPS BBM Bidang Kesehatan

Unavoidable raise of International fuel prices had forced Government of Indonesia under the leadership of Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono (SBY) to reduce fuel subsidies. These happened in March 2005 (fuel prices increased approximately 60 per cent), October 2005 (with 108 per cent rise in fuel prices), and May 2008 (which increased the fuel prices for around 30 per cent). The point of this policy is that the government has intention to re-allocate the funds fromreduced fuel subsidies to four main programs for poor people such as direct compensation (payment of 100,000 Indonesian Rupiah, or about US$10, to 15 million families, or one quarter of the population, through the state postal and banking system), school operational assistance, free health service, and rural infrastructure program. The objective of this study is to evaluate the Fuel Subsidy Reduction Compensation Program (Program Kompensasi Pengurangan Subsidi Bahan Bakar Minyak (PKPS-BBM)) during the period 2005-2006 in general. Quantitative and qualitative approaches are used in this research through document analysis and in-depth interview. PKPS BBM program implementation in Nusa Tenggara Barat, Kalimantan Timur, and Bogor City are not yet optimal because of the dissimilarity on number of target and standard of utilisation in each region, considering differences in their geographical conditions. However, poor people are quite satisfied with free health services although the realization did not touch the target completely. Moreover, there stillexists expense charged to poor people

Researching the use of force: The background to the international project

This article provides the background to an international project on use of force by the police that was carried out in eight countries. Force is often considered to be the defining characteristic of policing and much research has been conducted on the determinants, prevalence and control of the use of force, particularly in the United States. However, little work has looked at police officers’ own views on the use of force, in particular the way in which they justify it. Using a hypothetical encounter developed for this project, researchers in each country conducted focus groups with police officers in which they were encouraged to talk about the use of force. The results show interesting similarities and differences across countries and demonstrate the value of using this kind of research focus and methodology

REAKTUALISASI NILAI-NILAI KEISLAMAN MELALUI IMPLEMENTASI PROJEK PENGUATAN POFIL PELAJAR PANCASILA DAN PROFIL PELAJAR RAHMATAN LILALAMIN (P5-PPRA)

This research uses a qualitative approach with a case study method focusing on identifying facilitators strategies in reactualizing Islamic values ​​in P5-PPRA activities carried out at MTsN 6 Cianjur, identifying reactualizd Islamic values ​​in the project, and finding out students’ perceptions of the project activities. Data collection instruments use interviews and observation, and data analysis uses the steps namely reducing, displaying and drawing conclusions. The research results show that MTsN 6 Cianjur facilitators carry out project activities to strengthen the Pancasila student profile and the Rahmatan Lilalamin student profile (P5-PPRA) with a co-curricular strategy, namely project activities that are designed separately from intracurricular or regular learning activities. The actualized Islamic values ​​are faith in Allah and His Messenger, patience, responsibility, gratitude, tawadu, not being arrogant and haughty, tolerance and criticism, mutual cooperation, helping each other and equality (musawwa), innovation and love of the country. The students like the activities of the project to strengthen the Pancasila student profile and the Ralmatan Lilalamin student profile (P5-PPRA) although there are still students who pay little attention to these activities due to various factors such as family, health, economic and friend problems. Keywords: P5-PPRA, Islamic values, Madrasah

Breeding Record of the Hooded Vulture Necrosyrtes monachus (Timminek, 1823) at Emi Abumo Woro, Kogi State, Nigeria

The hooded vulture Necrosyrtes monachus is a critically endangered species and recently published evidence suggests that its population is experiencing an extremely rapid decline, owing to indiscriminate poisoning, trade for traditional medicine, hunting, persecution, electrocution, habitat loss and degradation. As a result of these threats, the species is gradually disappearing from its range and thus, the sighting of vultures or their nests is becoming very rare. This paper thus, presents a report on the sighting of the Hooded Vulture and its nest at Emi Abumo Woro Village, Kogi State, Nigeria. This is an evident and equally an indication that Emi Abumo Woro village harbours the remnant of this rare and critically endangered bird species. Materials and Methods: Two vultures and a nest were sighted on 3rd March, 2018, during a bird survey of the area. The nest was sighted on a Baobab tree Adansonia digitata, located in a fork on the main trunk, at a height above ground of 12.8 m. The nest was accessed using a ladder to determine its content. Results: The content of the nest were two eggs, which were photographed. On 17th March, 2018, when the nest was revisited, one of the eggs had disappeared and could not be accounted for. Fifteen other vultures were seen flying within the nest environment. The nest was revisited on 2nd April, 2018 and it was observed that the one remaining egg had been hatched and the vultures had disappeared to an unknown destination. The nest was a statant-cupped shaped nest of large size and the nest materials were mostly sticks and leaves of the nesting tree, which were used in lining the nest. Conclusion: This study reveals that the Hooded Vulture still exist in some parts of Nigeria and that Emi Abumo Woro village presents a good breeding site for this vulture. It is therefore very important to take some measures towards conserving the vulture and its breeding site

Breeding records of hooded vultures Necrosyrtes monachus (Timminek, 1823) at Kpokap, Zango Kataf Local Government Area, Kaduna State, Nigeria

Nesting of vultures was studied alongside with their population and distribution. Vulture’s nest is usually occupied by male and female for successful incubation of egg(s) and rearing of the chick(s). Continuation and preservation of an organism is achieved through conducive breeding habitat; vultures inclusive. Two nests were found at Kpokap all on Giant cola tree (Cola gigantea). The nests were placed each at the fork of the tree trunk. Nest 1 was located at about 9.5m above the ground while nest 2 was located at about 8.5m above the ground. The monogamous vultures fly out from their nests but hoover around whenever they felt threatened. This study is aimed at preserving the breeding pairs of vultures found at the study areas as fast as possible

Early treatment versus expectative management of patent ductus arteriosus in preterm infants

_Background:_ Much controversy exists about the optimal management of a patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) in preterm infants, especially in those born at a gestational age (GA) less than 28weeks. No causal relationship has been proven between a (haemodynamically significant) PDA and neonatal complications related to pulmonary hyperperfusion and/or systemic hypoperfusion. Although studies show conflicting results, a common understanding is that medical or surgical treatment of a PDA does not seem to reduce the risk of major neonatal morbidities and mortality. As the PDA might have closed spontaneously, treated children are potentially exposed to iatrogenic adverse effects. A conservative approach is gaining interest worldwide, although convincing evidence to support its use is lacking. _Methods:_ This multicentre, randomised, non-inferiority trial is conducted in neonatal intensive care units. The study population consists of preterm infants (GA1.5mm. Early treatment (between 24 and 72h postnatal age) with the cyclooxygenase inhibitor(COXi) ibuprofen (IBU) is compared with an expectative management (no intervention intended to close a PDA). The primary outcome is the composite of mortality, and/or necrotising enterocolitis (NEC) Bell stage ≥ IIa, and/or bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) defined as the need for supplemental oxygen, all at a postmenstrual age (PMA) of 36weeks. Secondary outcome parameters are short term sequelae of cardiovascular failure, comorbidity and adverse events assessed during hospitalization and long-term neurodevelopmental outcome assessed at a corrected age of 2 years. Consequences regarding health economics are evaluated by cost effectiveness analysis and budget impact analysis. _Discussion:_ As a conservative approach is gaining interest, we investigate whether in preterm infants, born at a GA less than 28weeks, with a PDA an expectative management is non-inferior to early treatment with IBU regarding to the composite outcome of mortality and/or NEC and/or BPD at a PMA of 36weeks