Характеристики температурного режиму приповерхневих шарів гірських порід за даними досліджень на геофізичній станції "Лисовичі" (Передкарпаття)

В роботі за даними спеціальних польових геотермічних досліджень (так званого вертикального геотермічного зондування) на станції “Лисовичі” поблизу м. Моршина в Передкарпатті, проведених геотермічною апаратурою з кварцовими термочастотними датчиками, проаналізовано сезонні особливості температурного режиму верхніх шарів гірських порід та ґрунтів.В работе по данным специальных полевых геотермических исследований (так называемого вертикального геотермического зондирования) на станции “Лисовичи” вблизи г. Моршина в Предкарпатье, проведенных геотермической аппаратурой с кварцевыми термочастотными датчиками, проанализированы сезонные особенности температурного режима верхних слоев горных пород и грунтов.In the article by data of the special fields geothermal researches (so-called vertical geothermal sounding) in the station “Lysovychy” near-by Morshyn in Precarpathians carried out by a geothermal apparatus with quartzs termofrequency sensors the seasonal peculiarities of temperature regime of rocks near surface layers and ground are analysed

Seasonal differences in runoff between forested and non-forested catchments: a case study in the Spanish Pyrenees

[EN] The hydrological response of two neighbouring catchments in the central Spanish Pyrenees with similar lithology and topography but different land use was compared. One catchment (2.84 km 2 ) was extensively cultivated in the past, and the other (0.92 km 2 ) is covered by dense natural forest. Differences in runoff were strongly related to catchment wetness conditions and showed a marked seasonality: under dry conditions runoff tended to be greater in the former agricultural catchment, whereas under wet conditions it tended to be greater in the forested catchment. One explanation for this switching behaviour could be an increase in the hydrological connectivity within the slopes of the forested catchment as it becomes wetter, which favours the release of large amounts of subsurface flow. Differences in land use (vegetation and soil properties) dictate the contrasting dominant runoff generation processes operating in each catchment, and consequently the differences between their hydrological responses. Key words water yield; seasonal controls; hydrograph characteristics; forestSupport for this research was provided by the following projects: PROBASE (CGL2006-11619/HID), RespHiMed (CGL2010-18374) and MONTES (CSD2008-00040), financed by the Spanish Commission of Science and Technology; ACQWA (FP7-ENV-2007-1), financed by the European Commission; and PI032/08, financed by the Aragón Regional Government. The authors also acknowledge support from RESEL (the Spanish Ministry of the Environment). N. Lana-Renault was the recipient of a research contract (Juan de la Cierva programme) and J. Latron the recipient of a research contract (Ramón y Cajal programme), both funded by the Spanish Ministry of Sciences and Innovation.Peer Reviewe

A design for the generation of temporally-coherent radiation pulses in the VUV and beyond by a self-seeding high-GaIn free electron laser amplifier

A proposal for a self-seeding, tunable free-electron laser amplifier operating in the vacuum ultra-violet (VUV) region of the spectrum is presented. Full three-dimensional (3D) modelling of the free electron laser and the optical feedback system has been carried out. Simulations demonstrate the generation of near transform limited radiation pulses with peak powers in the hundreds of megawatts. Preliminary 1D simulations show that by using a similar system it may be possible to extend such operation beyond the VUV to higher photon energies

Подсистема автономного программно-аппаратного комплекса для индуктивного долгосрочного прогноза осредненных значений метеопараметров

The research of the inductive method of long-term (forestalling to 0,5 year) prognosis of average decade air s temperature on the basis of principle of analogies was executed and it s sufficient was shown. The research of the offered approach was also conducted: in the base of spatial models without principle of analogies; in the polynomial harmonic base; the analysis of middle quality of the inductive prognostic method for cases of the analogue principle usage and without it

Contribution of peat compaction to relative sea-level rise within Holocene deltas

Modern and forecasted flooding of deltas is accelerated by subsidence of Holocene deposits. Subsidence caused by tectonics, isostasy, sediment compaction and anthropogenic processes, combined with eustatic sea-level rise, results in drowning and increased flood risk within densely populated deltas. Many deltaic sedimentary successions include substantial amounts of peat, which is highly compressible compared to clay, silt and sand. Peat compaction, therefore, may contribute considerably to total delta subsidence. Existing studies are inadequate for quantifying peat compaction across deltas. We present a numerical peat compaction model calibrated with an extensive field dataset. The model quantifies spatial and temporal trends in peat compaction within fluvial-dominated Holocene flood basin sequences of different compositions. Subsidence due to peat compaction is highly variable in time and space, with local rates of up to 15 mm/yr, depending on sedimentary sequence. This is extremely important information for developing sound delta management strategies. Artificial groundwater table lowering may cause substantial additional subsidence. Subsidence due to peat compaction might even exceed estimates of relative sea-level rise, and thus, may seriously increase the risk of delta drowning and human vulnerability to floodin

PCR-GLOBWB 2: a 5 arcmin global hydrological and water resources model

We present PCR-GLOBWB 2, a global hydrology and water resources model. Compared to previous versions of PCR-GLOBWB, this version fully integrates water use. Sector-specific water demand, groundwater and surface water withdrawal, water consumption, and return flows are dynamically calculated at every time step and interact directly with the simulated hydrology. PCR-GLOBWB 2 has been fully rewritten in Python and PCRaster Python and has a modular structure, allowing easier replacement, maintenance, and development of model components. PCR-GLOBWB 2 has been implemented at 5 arcmin resolution, but a version parameterized at 30 arcmin resolution is also available. Both versions are available as open-source codes on https://github.com/UU-Hydro/PCR-GLOBWB_model (Sutanudjaja et al., 2017a). PCR-GLOBWB 2 has its own routines for groundwater dynamics and surface water routing. These relatively simple routines can alternatively be replaced by dynamically coupling PCR-GLOBWB 2 to a global two-layer groundwater model and 1-D–2-D hydrodynamic models. Here, we describe the main components of the model, compare results of the 30 and 5 arcmin versions, and evaluate their model performance using Global Runoff Data Centre discharge data. Results show that model performance of the 5 arcmin version is notably better than that of the 30 arcmin version. Furthermore, we compare simulated time series of total water storage (TWS) of the 5 arcmin model with those observed with GRACE, showing similar negative trends in areas of prevalent groundwater depletion. Also, we find that simulated total water withdrawal matches reasonably well with reported water withdrawal from AQUASTAT, while water withdrawal by source and sector provide mixed results

Environmental drivers of spatio-Temporal dynamics in floodplain vegetation: grasslands as habitat for megafauna in Bardia National Park (Nepal)

Disturbance-dependent grasslands, often associated with hydromorphological and fire dynamics, are threatened, especially in subtropical climates. In the Nepalese and Indian Terai Arc Landscape at the foot of the Himalayas, natural and cultural grasslands serve a viable role for greater one-horned rhinoceros (Rhinoceros unicornis) and for grazers that form prey of the Royal Bengal tiger (Panthera tigris). The grasslands are vulnerable to encroachment of forest. We aimed to establish the effects of environmental drivers, in particular river discharge, river channel dynamics, precipitation and forest fires, on the spatio-Temporal dynamics of these grasslands. The study area is the floodplain of the eastern branch of the Karnali River and adjacent western part of Bardia National Park. We created annual time series (1993-2019) of land cover with the use of field data, remotely sensed LANDSAT imagery and a supervised classification model. Additionally, we analysed the pattern of grassland patches and aerial photographs of 1964. Between 1964 and 2019, grassland patches decreased in abundance and size due to encroachment of forest. Outside the floodplain, conversion of grassland to bare substrate coincides with extreme precipitation events. Within the floodplain, conversion of grassland to bare substrate correlates with the magnitude of the annual peak discharge of the bifurcated Karnali River. Since 2009, however, this correlation is absent due to a shift of the main discharge channel to the western branch of the Karnali River. Consequently, alluvial tall grasslands (Saccharum spontaneum dominant) have vastly expanded between 2009 and 2019. Because the hydromorphological processes in the floodplain have become more static, other sources of disturbances-local flooding of ephemeral streams, anthropogenic maintenance, grazing and fires-are more paramount to prevent encroachment of grasslands. Altogether, our findings underscore that a change in the environmental drivers impact the surface area and heterogeneity of grassland patches in the landscape, which can lead to cascading effects for the grassland-dependent megafauna

Improving the model development cycle by automatic configuration of modelling tools

Model development is a difficult and timely process involving various steps to create, check and improve the model. Typically all kinds of software tools are used to facilitate this process. Central to model development is the model definition and we show that, apart from calculating model results, it can be used to tailor some of the tools used to the model at hand. This speeds up model development and might lead to better models