The prevalence of Vitamin B12 deficiency in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients on metformin

Diabetes Mellitus is the most common endocrine disorder and Metformin is the most commonly prescribed oral hypoglycaemic agent. Metformin is well known to cause vitamin B12 deficiency due to effect on calcium-dependent membrane action in the terminal ileum leading to malabsorption of vitamin B12. The purpose of this study is to determine prevalence and associations of Vitamin B12 deficiency in patients of type 2 diabetes mellitus treated with Metformin. Our study demonstrated significantly high prevalence of vitamin B12 deficiency in patients treated with Metformin. Significant effect on dose and duration of Metformin use on B12 levels. Physicians must recognize this important fact and screen diabetics’ on Metformin therapy for underlying B12 deficiency

Subclinical atherosclerosis and silent myocardial ischaemia in patients with type 2 diabetes: a protocol of a clinico-observational study

Introduction: Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease is a significant modifiable complication in patients with diabetes and subclinical atherosclerosis is considered a surrogate marker of future vascular events. The clustering of cardiometabolic-risk factors in patients with diabetes and cardiovascular disease is increasingly being recognised. Recent evidence indicates that 20–50% of asymptomatic patients with diabetes may have silent coronary heart disease. However, the identification of subclinical atherosclerosis and silent myocardial ischaemia in patients with diabetes has been less well-explored, especially in low-resource population settings where cost-effective non-invasive clinical tools are available. The objective of this study is to identify patients with physician-diagnosed diabetes who are at risk of developing future cardiovascular events measured as subclinical atherosclerosis and silent myocardial ischaemia in an urban population of Eastern India.Methods and analysis This is a cross-sectional clinico-observational study. A convenience sampling of approximately 350 consecutive patients with type 2 diabetes based on predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria will be identified at an urban diabetes center. This estimated sample size is based on an expected prevalence of silent myocardial ischaemia of 25% (± 5%), we computed the required sample size using OpenEpi online software assuming an α level of 0.05 (95% CI) to be 289. On factoring 20% non-response the estimated sample size is 350. Previously validated questionnaire tools and well-defined clinical, anthropometric and biochemical measurements will be utilised for data collection. The two primary outcomes—subclinical atherosclerosis and silent myocardial ischaemia will be measured using carotid intima-media thickness and exercise tolerance testing, respectively. Descriptive and multivariate logistic regression statistical techniques will be employed to identify ‘at risk’ patients with diabetes, and adjusted for potential confounders. Ethics and dissemination: Ethical approval was granted by the institutional review board of Kalinga Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneshwar, India. Data will be presented at academic fora and published in peer-reviewed journals

MICROWAVE SYNTHESIS OF SILVER NANOPARTICLES BY POLYOL METHOD AND TESTING THEIR SYNERGISTIC ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY IN THE PRESENCE OF VANCOMYCIN

Objective: The aim of this study is to prepare silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and nanorods using polyol under microwave heating method. Methods: The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized using UV-visible, infrared spectral studies (Fourier-transform infrared [FTIR]), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Finally, the antibacterial activity of polyethylene glycol (PEG) protected AgNPs, against a series of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, was studied. Results: From UV-visible spectroscopy studies, the growth rate of AgNPs was confirmed by measuring the change in absorbance of plasmon peak shape at different time intervals. FTIR spectroscopy studies showed the changes in the metal and the capping agents. SEM and TEM images revealed that very stable colloidal solutions of AgNPs with almost spherical and rod shape along with high monodispersity can be obtained with PEG protected AgNPs. Finally, the antibacterial activity of PEG protected AgNPs was investigated, which showed a synergistic role for the AgNPs along with vancomycin. Conclusion: Uniform and stable polymer protected AgNPs were synthesized using ethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, and PEG as reducing agent in the presence of polyvinylpyrrolidone

ANTIOXIDANT AND FREE RADICAL SCAVENGING CAPACITY OF RED SEAWEED HYPNEA VALENTIAE FROM RAMESHWARAM COAST TAMIL NADU, INDIA

Objectives: In this study, In-vitro antioxidant and free radical scavenging activity of Hypnea valentiae was evaluated in a series of in vitro assays. Antioxidants are vital substances which possess the ability to protect the body from damage caused by free radical induced oxidative stress.Methods: The evaluation of antioxidant properties was determined by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2'-azinobis 3ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), nitric oxide scavenging assay (NO), reducing power, superoxide, hydroxyl radical scavenging and hydrogen peroxide radical assay, the metal chelating activity as well as phosphomolypdenum assay.Results: Among the tested red algae, the maximum antioxidant activity was recorded in the methanol extract of Hypnea valentiae. Whereas methanol crude extract of red algae and diatom showed good antioxidant potential.Conclusions: The findings of the present study suggest that all seaweed extracts could be a potential source of natural antioxidant that could have great importance as therapeutic agents.Â

Real Time Monitoring and Neuro-Fuzzy Based Fault Diagnosis of Flow Process in Hybrid System

Process variables vary with time in certain applications. Monitoring systems let us avoid severe economic losses resulting from unexpected electric system failures by improving the system reliability and maintainability The installation and maintenance of such monitoring systems is easy when it is implemented using wireless techniques. ZigBee protocol, that is a wireless technology developed as open global standard to address the low-cost, low-power wireless sensor networks. The goal is to monitor the parameters and to classify the parameters in normal and abnormal conditions to detect fault in the process as early as possible by using artificial intelligent techniques. A key issue is to prevent local faults to be developed into system failures that may cause safety hazards, stop temporarily the production and possible detrimental environment impact. Several techniques are being investigated as an extension to the traditional fault detection and diagnosis. Computational intelligence techniques are being investigated as an extension to the traditional fault detection and diagnosis methods. This paper proposes ANFIS (Adaptive Neural Fuzzy Inference System) for fault detection and diagnosis. In ANFIS, the fuzzy logic will create the rules and membership functions whereas the neural network trains the membership function to get the best output. The output of ANFIS is compared with Back Propagation Algorithm (BPN) algorithm of neural network. The training and testing data required to develop the ANFIS model were generated at different operating conditions by running the process and by creating various faults in real time in a laboratory experimental model

HYBRID INVERTER DSTATCOM TO COMPENSATE REACTIVE POWER FOR NON-LINEAR LOADS

This project proposes a hybrid DSTATCOM with LCL filter which is connected at infront  of VSI , which provides better switching harmonics elimination while using much smaller value of an inductor as compared with the traditional L-filter . A capacitor is used in series with LCL-filter to reduce the dc-link voltage of the D-STATCOM. Hence, reduced the power rating of VSI. Reduced DC- link voltage causes reduced voltage across LCL-filter.  Then reduce the power loss. A multi level cascaded – H-bridge is implemented in the VSI operation of a D-STATCOM topology. The effectiveness of the proposed DSTATCOM topology over traditional topologies is validated through MATLAB/SIMULINK software

Training feedforward neural network using genetic algorithm to diagnose left ventricular hypertrophy

In this research work, a new technique was proposed for the diagnosis of left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) from the ECG signal. The advanced imaging techniques can be used to diagnose left ventricular hypertrophy, but it leads to time-consuming and more expensive. This proposed technique overcomes thesef issues and may serve as an efficient tool to diagnose the LVH disease. The LVH causes changes in the patterns of ECG signal which includes R wave, QRS and T wave. This proposed approach identifies the changes in the pattern and extracts the temporal, spatial and statistical features of the ECG signal using windowed filtering technique. These features were applied to the conventional classifier and also to the neural network classifier with the modified weights using a genetic algorithm. The weights were modified by combining the crossover operators such as crossover arithmetic and crossover two-point operator. The results were compared with the various classifiers and the performance of the neural network with the modified weights using a genetic algorithm is outperformed. The accuracy of the weights modified feedforward neural network is 97.5%

New Multilevel Inverter Topology for Direct GridIntegration of Renewable Energy Systems

Owing to the fact that we are getting into quick development in innovation, strong state semiconductors have prompted the improvement of medium-voltage control converters which could deflect the requirement for high voltage venture up transformers of sustainable power era frameworks. The particular multi-level Cascade converters (MMCs) have been regard as phenomenal contenders for the advancement of medium-voltage converters. Here the converters require different segregated and adjusted dc supplies. In this way, in this venture, multilevel Cascade medium-voltage converter with a high-recurrence connection is proposed. The normal high-recurrence connection creates numerous separated and adjusted dc supplies for the converter, actually limits the voltage unevenness and basic mode issues. Proposed framework is composed and broke down to gauge the predetermined framework execution, control intricacy, cost, and accessibility of the power semiconductors. For inexhaustible era frameworks when contrasted with PV Cells THD is lessened in Wind vitality frameworks. With a specific end goal to confirm the workability of the proposed framework, a measured five-level Cascade converter utilizing wind vitality is created in this venture. The outcomes were dissected in Matlab/Simulink condition R2009a. It is normal that the proposed new innovation will have extraordinary potential for future inexhaustible era frameworks and brilliant lattice applications

ISOLATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF ENDOPHYTIC FUNGI FROM TERMINALIA CHEBULA OF EASTERN GHATS, TAMILNADU

Objective: Endophytic fungi live inside the higher plants, apparently without causing any harm to the hosts and its produce the secondary metabolites are potential antimicrobial activity. Terminalia chebula has been used in Ayurveda, Unani & Homeopathy medicine. In this study an isolate and identify the endophytic fungi from T. Chebula collected from pachamalai hills of the Eastern Ghats, Tamilnadu.Methods: The plant materials were taken and first rinsed in running tap water to remove the dust and the other debris present in it. Segments of approximately 0.5 cm were cut in sterile lancet blades and surface sterilized by agitating in 70% ethanol (5s), followed by treatment with 4% NaOCl (90s) and then rinsed in sterile distilled water (10s).Thirty six (leaf, stem and fruit samples) segments from T.chebula plant are processed for the isolation of endophytic fungi.Results: About 36 segments (12 segments of each part respectively) of the medicinal plant were screened for the isolation of the endophytic fungi. A total of 27 endophytic fungi was isolated and identified from medicinal plant T.chebula. The leaf segments showed a maximum repository for endophytic fungi than the other segments. Among the 27 endophytic fungi, the predominant endophytic fungi isolated belonged to the genera of Alternaria longipes, Curvularia spp, Mucor, phoma spp, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus and Penicillium spp. In this study majority of the fungi belonged to hyaline hyphomycetes.Conclusion: In this study conclude that the isolation of endophytic fungi from medicinal plant of terminalia chebula. To isolate the 27 endophytic fungi produce the novel bioactive compound. However Further studies are required to screen these endophytic fungi for production of novel Bioactive compounds.Keywords: Endophytic fungi, Terminalia chebula, bioactive compoundÂ