Classificação de castanheiras-do-brasil (Bertholletia excelsa) com base em características morfológicas na amazônia matogrossense.

A castanheira-do-brasil é considerada uma das maisimportantes espécies de exploração extrativista, possuindo sementes com alto valor nutricional e comercial. Extrativistas no Acre classificam as castanheiras como vermelha ou branca, baseada em características da morfologia da planta (formato dotronco, base e copa). Foi realizado um estudo com o objetivo de usar essa classificaçãopara caracterizar 177 castanheiras, distribuídas em quatro populações (Alta Floresta, Cotriguaçu, Itaúba e Juína) no estado do Mato Grosso. Essas plantas foram classificadas quanto ao aspecto do tronco (reto ou cônico), base do tronco (reta ou com saliências), tipo de copa (guarda-chuva ou copa para cima). Foi observado que as populações de Itaúba e Cotriguaçu apresentaram mais da metade das plantas (62% e 58%, respectivamente) com todas as características que classificam a castanheira como vermelha, ou seja, tronco reto, base sem saliência e copa guarda-chuva. Em Juína e Alta Floresta foram observadas 49% e 32% de castanheiras vermelhas, respectivamente, segundo essa classificação. Não foram observadas plantas com as três características simultaneamente que definem como castanheira branca, ou seja, tronco cônico, base com saliência e copa paracima, sugerindo que apenas essas características não são suficientes para essa classificação, sendo importante avaliar também os frutos e sementes

Classificação de castanheiras-do-brasil (Bertholletia excelsa) com base em características morfológicas na amazônia matogrossense.

A castanheira-do-brasil é considerada uma das maisimportantes espécies de exploração extrativista, possuindo sementes com alto valor nutricional e comercial. Extrativistas no Acre classificam as castanheiras como vermelha ou branca, baseada em características da morfologia da planta (formato dotronco, base e copa). Foi realizado um estudo com o objetivo de usar essa classificaçãopara caracterizar 177 castanheiras, distribuídas em quatro populações (Alta Floresta, Cotriguaçu, Itaúba e Juína) no estado do Mato Grosso. Essas plantas foram classificadas quanto ao aspecto do tronco (reto ou cônico), base do tronco (reta ou com saliências), tipo de copa (guarda-chuva ou copa para cima). Foi observado que as populações de Itaúba e Cotriguaçu apresentaram mais da metade das plantas (62% e 58%, respectivamente) com todas as características que classificam a castanheira como vermelha, ou seja, tronco reto, base sem saliência e copa guarda-chuva. Em Juína e Alta Floresta foram observadas 49% e 32% de castanheiras vermelhas, respectivamente, segundo essa classificação. Não foram observadas plantas com as três características simultaneamente que definem como castanheira branca, ou seja, tronco cônico, base com saliência e copa paracima, sugerindo que apenas essas características não são suficientes para essa classificação, sendo importante avaliar também os frutos e sementes

Stochastic and epistemic uncertainty propagation in LCA

Purpose: When performing uncertainty propagation, most LCA practitioners choose to represent uncertainties by single probability distributions and to propagate them using stochastic methods. However the selection of single probability distributions appears often arbitrary when faced with scarce information or expert judgement (epistemic uncertainty). Possibility theory has been developed over the last decades to address this problem. The objective of this study is to present a methodology that combines probability and possibility theories to represent stochastic and epistemic uncertainties in a consistent manner and apply it to LCA. A case study is used to show the uncertainty propagation performed with the proposed method and compare it to propagation performed using probability and possibility theories alone. Methods: Basic knowledge on the probability theory is first recalled, followed by a detailed description of hal-00811827, version 1- 11 Apr 2013 epistemic uncertainty representation using fuzzy intervals. The propagation methods used are the Monte Carlo analysis for probability distribution and an optimisation on alpha-cuts for fuzzy intervals. The proposed method (noted IRS) generalizes the process of random sampling to probability distributions as well as fuzzy intervals, thus making the simultaneous use of both representations possible

Observational Manifestations of the First Protogalaxies in the 21 cm Line

The absorption properties of the first low-mass protogalaxies (mini-halos) forming at high redshifts in the 21-cm line of atomic hydrogen are considered. The absorption properties of these protogalaxies are shown to depend strongly on both their mass and evolutionary status. The optical depths in the line reach $\sim$0.1-0.2 for small impact parameters of the line of sight. When a protogalaxy being compressed, the influence of gas accretion can be seen manifested in a non-monotonic frequency dependence of the optical depth. The absorption characteristics in the 21-cm line are determined by the thermal and dynamical evolution of the gas in protogalaxies. Since the theoretical line width in the observer's reference frame is 1-6 kHz and the expected separation between lines 8.4 kHz, the lines from low mass protogalaxies can be resolved using ongoing and future low frequency interferometers.Comment: 12 pages, 5 figure

The SAMI Galaxy Survey: the intrinsic shape of kinematically selected galaxies

Using the stellar kinematic maps and ancillary imaging data from the Sydney AAO Multi Integral field (SAMI) Galaxy Survey, the intrinsic shape of kinematically-selected samples of galaxies is inferred. We implement an efficient and optimised algorithm to fit the intrinsic shape of galaxies using an established method to simultaneously invert the distributions of apparent ellipticities and kinematic misalignments. The algorithm output compares favourably with previous studies of the intrinsic shape of galaxies based on imaging alone and our re-analysis of the ATLAS3D data. Our results indicate that most galaxies are oblate axisymmetric. We show empirically that the intrinsic shape of galaxies varies as a function of their rotational support as measured by the "spin" parameter proxy Lambda_Re. In particular, low spin systems have a higher occurrence of triaxiality, while high spin systems are more intrinsically flattened and axisymmetric. The intrinsic shape of galaxies is linked to their formation and merger histories. Galaxies with high spin values have intrinsic shapes consistent with dissipational minor mergers, while the intrinsic shape of low-spin systems is consistent with dissipationless multi-merger assembly histories. This range in assembly histories inferred from intrinsic shapes is broadly consistent with expectations from cosmological simulations.Comment: 15 pages, 11 figures, MNRAS in prin

Homoclinic chaos in the dynamics of a general Bianchi IX model

The dynamics of a general Bianchi IX model with three scale factors is examined. The matter content of the model is assumed to be comoving dust plus a positive cosmological constant. The model presents a critical point of saddle-center-center type in the finite region of phase space. This critical point engenders in the phase space dynamics the topology of stable and unstable four dimensional tubes $R \times S^3$, where $R$ is a saddle direction and $S^3$ is the manifold of unstable periodic orbits in the center-center sector. A general characteristic of the dynamical flow is an oscillatory mode about orbits of an invariant plane of the dynamics which contains the critical point and a Friedmann-Robertson-Walker (FRW) singularity. We show that a pair of tubes (one stable, one unstable) emerging from the neighborhood of the critical point towards the FRW singularity have homoclinic transversal crossings. The homoclinic intersection manifold has topology $R \times S^2$ and is constituted of homoclinic orbits which are bi-asymptotic to the $S^3$ center-center manifold. This is an invariant signature of chaos in the model, and produces chaotic sets in phase space. The model also presents an asymptotic DeSitter attractor at infinity and initial conditions sets are shown to have fractal basin boundaries connected to the escape into the DeSitter configuration (escape into inflation), characterizing the critical point as a chaotic scatterer.Comment: 11 pages, 6 ps figures. Accepted for publication in Phys. Rev.