ACCOUNTING FOR RISKS OF USING SHALLOW GROUND WATER FOR SECONDARY CROPS ON LOWLAND PADDY FIELDS IN INDONESIA

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Changes in land use and suitability of spatial planning on the paddy field in Gorontalo Regency

Abstract Agricultural land is the main and unique factor of agricultural production because it is difficult to replace in an agricultural business process. This research is intended to conduct a spatial study of changes in land use, especially paddy fields and the suitability of spatial use with the regional spatial plan (RTRW). In this study, an analysis of land-use change was carried out by comparing multitemporal land cover data (time series), and the suitability analysis of spatial use by comparing actual land cover data with the direction of spatial use specified in the RTRW document. Both of these analyses were carried out by overlaying maps using GIS (Geographic Information Systems) spatial data processing software. The results showed that within ten years (2007-2017), an increase in the total area occurred in the plantation (1.4%), built land (41.37%), dry land/fields (1.97%), and lake/body of water land-use class (11.14%). While the area of forest, paddy fields, and shrubs are reduced by 0.12%, 5.09%, and 6.68%, respectively. The results of overlaying actual land use maps with spatial pattern maps on Gorontalo Regency RTRW show that most (65.67%) land use in Gorontalo Regency is still following the direction of spatial use which has been specified in the RTRW. Whereas 34.13% of other land uses were identified as not yet suitable (30.57%) and not suitable (3.55%) with the RTRW. Land use that is not yet suitable is still possible to change to adjust the spatial Plan in the future. Regarding paddy fields, the land-use suitability matrix with the RTRW shows that 86.18% of the paddy fields in Gorontalo Regency are following the RTRW (located in the allotment of wetland agriculture areas), while the remaining 13.82% are not following the RTRW. There is also the potential for new paddy fields with a total area of 6,293 hectares.</jats:p

The DWR approach review: Measuring the botanical composition of native grassland in East Sumba Regency, East Nusa Tenggara Province

Abstract East Sumba Regency is an area with great potential for beef cattle development because of its large area and sufficient local forage resources as feed. Native grassland is a source of forage for ruminants, especially by smallholder farms in rural areas. This review paper aimed to analyze the Dry Weight Rank method as a method of measuring the botanical composition and distribution of forages. Referring to measurements of botanical composition, vegetation on grassland in the experimental plots and field studies can be explained using different parameters (plant density, cover, frequency or yield proportion). Each of the obtained parameters is capable of describing different features, which under certain circumstances may be correlated with each other to some extent, but are not completely equivalent. Therefore, the choice of parameters to be assessed depends on the objectives of the study. The choice of method depends primarily on the accuracy required, the affordability of efforts, and the available resources. The Dry Weight Rank method developed by Lt Mannetje and Haydock is one of the techniques referred to as a tool for measuring the botanical composition of native grassland.</jats:p

Analysis of the potential development of beef cattle in East Sumba Regency, East Nusa Tenggara Province, Indonesia

Abstract This study aimed was to examine the potential development of beef cattle in East Sumba Regency, East Nusa Tenggara Province, Indonesia. The study used a secondary data by analyzing the structure of livestock populations, livestock density, i.e., economic density, regional density and farming density. Location Quotient (LQ) was used to find out the comparative advantage of beef cattle in East Sumba Regency. The results of the analysis showed that the population of beef cattle in East Sumba Regency during the last five years (2014-2018) showed an increase in population of 2.03% per year, with population structure based on the age of livestock, i.e. 2.821 AU of calf, 5.342 AU of heifers and 29.843 AU of cattle. Livestock density in terms of economic density shows a dense category (&gt; 300 AU/person) 55% in 12 districts, regional density showed a rare category (&lt;10 AU/Km2) 81.82% in 18 districts and farming density showed a balanced category between moderate (0.25 - 1.0 AU/ha) and rare (&lt;0.25 AU/ha), 45.45% in 20 districts. While districts with a LQ value &gt; 1 (potential) was reached 40.91% are found in 8 districts namely Lewa, Nggaha Ori Angu, Karera, Kahaungu Eti, Pahunga Lodu, Rindi, Pandawai and Haharu. This showed that there were 8 districts that have a comparative advantage in beef cattle production.</jats:p

Building a Coffee Agribusiness Development Strategy in Rural Area: Focus Group Discussion Approach to the Coffee Farmers

Abstract Agribusiness had a big role in development of agricultural economy transformation to create community prosperity. This research aimed to identify problem and organize coffee agribusiness strategy development in rural area. We study about this case in a rural area with a good potential in Sulawesi Island. We use deep focus discussion approach to the chosen farmers and then we accompanied and observed them for two years. We have finished the preliminary research to build information on village comparative advantage through village potential spatial base as one of approaches in strengthening agribusiness commodity development strategies. In this article, we concluded that agribusiness strategy development of coffee that started from institutional strengthening of coffee farmers, made the corporation base group would be the main buffering power of farmers to strengthen their position in the agribusiness system. By using corporation, the strengthening of farmers was conducted not only in production sector but also in business sector, how to build a strong business network. Strong corporate bargaining position in business chain would stimulate inclusive business. Good inclusive business for farmers when they created a good quality of coffee product therefore it could the stability of market price. The role of government through the regulation strengthening was needed to keep the stability of the inclusive agribusiness system.</jats:p

Soil quality significance of goat pens positioned on the hilltop of sloping cocoa farms in Polman-Sulawesi

Abstract Many smallholder cocoa farmers in Polman, West Sulawesi-Indonesia breed goats traditionally on hilltop of the sloped cocoa farms. The goat’s manure is deposited under the pens, not distributed on the farm. We investigated the significance of this traditional goat breeding on the hilltop of sloping cocoa farms on soil quality based on the distance from the pens along the slope direction. We selected three sloped-cocoa farms where this traditional model had been practiced for years. The farms studied had 30 to 70% slopes, clay loam to clay soil textures. Along a transect lane, 0-5, 5-10, and 10-15 meters from the pen on each farm, we measured soil bulk density, hydraulic conductivity (HC), soil organic carbon (SOC), pH, soil nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, cation exchangeable capacity (CEC) and earthworm population. This traditional practice improved soil quality compared to the adjacent farms which were not affected by the practice (control). Soil HC, SOC, N, P, K and CEC, and earthworm population were markedly higher under this system compared to the control, especially at 0 to 5 m distance from the manure deposit. The beneficial effects of this system were limited only within 10 m from the pens, beyond which soil quality was practically similar to the control site. This traditional system may be considered as an appropriate practice for soil quality maintenance in sloping cocoa farm, but an improvement is needed for greater benefits and reduced risks through terrace construction and manure deposition every 5-10 m range along the slope.</jats:p

Soil Organic Matter, Mitigation of and Adaptation to Climate Change in Cocoa–Based Agroforestry Systems

Belowground roles of agroforestry in climate change mitigation (C storage) and adaptation (reduced vulnerability to drought) are less obvious than easy-to-measure aspects aboveground. Documentation on these roles is lacking. We quantified the organic C concentration (Corg) and soil physical properties in a mountainous landscape in Sulawesi (Indonesia) for five land cover types: secondary forest (SF), multistrata cocoa–based agroforestry (CAF) aged 4–5 years (CAF4), 10–12 years (CAF10), 17–34 years (CAF17), and multistrata (mixed fruit and timber) agroforest (MAF45) aged 45–68 years. With four replicate plots per cover type, we measured five pools of C-stock according to IPCC guidelines, soil bulk density (BD), macro porosity (MP), hydraulic conductivity (Ks), and available water capacity of the soil (AWC). The highest C-stock, in SF, was around 320 Mg ha−1, the lowest, 74 Mg ha−1, was in CAF4, with the older agroforestry systems being intermediate with 120 to 150 Mg ha−1. Soil compaction after forest conversion led to increased BD and reduced MP, Ks, and AWC. Older agroforestry partly recovered buffering: AWC per m of rooted soil profile increased by 5.7 mm per unit (g kg−1) increase of Corg. The restored AWC can support about a week’s worth of evapotranspiration without rain, assisting in climate change adaptation

Policy urgency and development of the highest retail price (HRP) of subsidised fertilizer

Fertilizer price subsidies aim to increase the purchasing power of poor farmers in order to increase their productivity and farm income. This study aims to analyze the urgency of the fertilizer subsidy policy, and the development of the subsidized fertilizer HET ratio and the price of grain at the farmer level. The study was conducted in West Java Province, 2020. The data used include primary data and secondary data. Data analysis was carried out quantitatively and descriptively qualitatively. The results showed that the fertilizer subsidy policy was given to farmers who farmed a maximum of 2 hectares per season. In Indonesia, the total number of households using land with a scale of &lt; 2 ha reaches 89%, which are small farmers and require input subsidies. Furthermore, the ratio of output prices to urea fertilizer (2012-2021) tends to increase by 0.97%/year. This shows that the development of subsidized fertilizer prices is relatively small compared to the development of government purchasing prices for paddy. Therefore, in order to improve the efficiency of fertilizer use and maintain the volume of subsidized fertilizer in the midst of a limited fertilizer subsidy budget, efforts must be made to be more targeted and efficient.</jats:p