Periodically driven circulation near the shore of a lake

Solutions are found for a linear model of the circulation near the shore of a lake that is subject to two diurnal forcing mechanisms. The first is the day/night heating/cooling induced horizontal pressure gradient. The second is an unsteady surface stress modelling a sea breeze/gully wind pattern. The two forcing mechanisms can oppose or reinforce each other depending on their relative phase. The interplay of different dynamic balances at different times and locations in the domain lead to complex circulation patterns especially during the period of flow reversal

Patterns of industrial upgrading in the clothing industry in Poland and Romania

This paper aims at understanding the impact of industrial networks with foreign and other domestic organizations on industrial upgrading of the clothing companies in Poland and Romania over the past decade. The research presented in this paper is based on interviews carried out in ten large clothing companies in Poland and Romania. The paper shows that there are differing structural influences of buyer-driven global networks on the industrial upgrading of Polish and Romanian clothing firms. Taking these global buyers as exemplars to themselves, Polish and Romanian clothing firms follow relatively different upgrading patterns, experiencing more or less the same network relationships with foreign buyers whereas differing networks with other organizations in their countries. As the level of accumulation of knowledge and skills differs among the firms, the pace and level of upgrading differs too. This paper has proposed a stylized pattern but it should not be taken as inevitable since it also tries to show that some firms might skip some sequences. As a consequence, it is not a question of the positioning of the countries on a single upgrading ladder, but more accurately it is different upgrading ladders that have been climbed in each country. There is no single pattern for all of them

Leadership, the Financial Sector and Development in Nigeria

Studies have shown that leadership is a vital factor for the realization of organizational goals in the public and private sector of any economy. This article therefore examines leadership, the financial sector and development in Nigeria. The financial sector represented by banks in this article is so crucial to the Nigerian economy in terms of its contribution to the nation’s Gross Domestic Product, and in addition to being a vital source of employment. To appreciate the role of leadership in an organization vis-à-vis the financial sector and development in Nigeria, the paper focused on the challenge in some Nigerian banks in 2009, which borders on unethical practice of certain bank executives. This development almost led to the collapse of some notable banks in Nigeria resulting from their inability to meet financial obligations to customers. With the use of secondary data, the paper identified leadership failure of unethical practice (corruption in terms of granting unsecured loans to family members and personal companies to the detriment of bank depositors and shareholders) as the greatest problems militating against banks’ roles as facilitator of development in Nigeria. The study recommends among others the introduction of formal education in ethics as a way of making sure that staff members imbibe ethical practice as a check against abuse of office

Industrial integration and growth of firm in transition economies: the case of a French multinational company

In the last decade, the prospect of accession of Central and East European countries (CEECs) to the European Union has given momentum to the discussion of their economic integration into the EU. Thus, academic studies have generally focused on variables at the macro level and are conducted in the light of quantitative methodologies in social sciences. This paper instead focuses mainly on the industrial integration of the CEECs into the EU at the firm and inter-organisational level, and uses in-depth, face-to-face interview techniques. Examining the growth of a multinational firm that operates in CEE in the context of networks help us to determine the depth of east-west industrial networks. In this light, the aim of this paper is to contribute to the development of the 'network alignment' framework from the perspective of the multinational companies located and operating in CEE. The growth of the French Soufflet Group in CEECs is taken as an exemplar to demonstrate the need to link the elements of the existing literature on foreign direct investment (multinational companies) with an evolutionary approach, through consideration of evolving and multiple networks

Circular 118

A yield trial comparing 30 cultivars of potatoes (Solatium tuberosum L.) was conducted during the 1999 growing season at the University of Alaska Fairbanks, Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station’s (AFES) Palmer Research Center, Matanuska Farm, located six miles west of Palmer, Alaska. Similar to 1998, this trial included irrigated but not irrigated treatments. Data from previous studies has documented the consistent need for irrigation as well as the magnitude of increases in yield that can be realized through irrigation

Employee Retention Strategies And Organizational Performance

The study empirically examines the relationship between employee retention strategies and organizational performance. Using a sample size of 120 respondents in a leading beverage establishment in Nigeria, the results shows that organizations with adequate employee retention strategies in form of enhanced and regular monthly Salary package, workers participation in decision-making on issues affecting them, policies that favours job security and provision of incentives that bothers on staff family welfare retains and enhances employee performance. Implication of the results for practice is that any organization that fails to put in place adequate employee retention strategies is not likely to retain competent and motivated workforce in its employment and hence experience frequent labour turnover and poor organizational performanc

'…to whom it will be extremly Usefull.' Dr William Cullen's adoption of James Watt's copying machine

Dr William Cullen (1710–1790) was a leading physician of the Enlightenment era. As professor in Edinburgh he became the most influential teacher of theoretical and practical medicine in 18th century Britain. A renowned private practitioner, Cullen systematically archived his postal ‘consultations’, now held by the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh. Initially Cullen preserved his replies as transcriptions, but from April 1781 he began using a mechanical copier, newly devised by the Scottish engineer James Watt. This paper describes the development, promotion and functioning of Watt’s copier and considers Cullen’s own adoption of the machine. It is suggested that with Cullen’s adoption of Watt’s copier, medical record keeping entered a new historical phase comparable with the recent digital revolution

Circular 103

A yield trial in which 44 named varieties and one numbered selection of potatoes were compared, was conducted during the 1994 growing season at the University of Alaska Fairbanks, Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station’s (AFES) Palmer Research Center, Matanuska Farm, located six miles west of Palmer, Alaska.Potato Variety Performance -- Introduction -- Matanuska Farm Yield Trials: Cultural Practices and Environmental Conditions; Results and Discussion -- Trials at Other Locations in Alaska: General Procedures; Site-Specific Information: Delta Junction, Fairbanks, Juneau, Kenai-Soldotna, Nome, Pt. MacKenzi

Reactions of pyridazines and pyridazine 1-oxides with nitrogen-containing nucleophiles

In dit proefschrift is een orienterend onderzoek beschreven naar het chemisch gedrag van halogeen-pyridazinen en halogeen-pyridazine-N-oxiden met kaliumamide in vloeibare ammoniak, met methanolische ammoniak en met vloeibare ammoniak. Dit onderzoek hangt nauw samen met uitvoerige studies over de reactiviteit van pyridinen, pyrimidinen en pyrazinen, die de afgelopen jaren in het laboratorium voor organische chemie te Wageningen zijn verricht. De resultaten van het door ons uitgevoerde onderzoek zijn in een vijftal publikaties verwerkt en laten zich als volgt samenvatten:Publikatie I:4-X-3-(methoxymethyl)-6-methylpyridazine (X=Cl, Br, I) geeft na aminering een mengsel van 4- and 5-amino-3-(methoxymethyl)6-methylpyridazine (verhouding 1 : 5); het is gebleken dat deze verhouding onafhankelijk is van de aard van het halogeen atoom. Daarom wordt als intermediair in deze reactie het 3-(methoxy-methyl)-6-methyl-4,5-didehydropyridazine aangenomen.Publikatie II:De reactie van 4-chloor-3,6-difenylpyridazine met kaliumamide in vloeibare ammoniak levert twee produkten op, namelijk 4-amino-3,6-difenylpyridazine en imino-4,4'-bis(3,6-difenylpyridazine). Uitgaande van 4-chloor-3,6-difenylpyridazine- [5- 13C] werd, door middel van quantitatieve 13C-NMR spectrometrie, van beide aminoverbindingen aangetoond dat zij gevormd zijn via het symmetrisch intermediair 3,6-difenyl-4,5-didehydropyridazine.De resultaten vermeld in I en II geven voor het eerst zeer gefundeerde aanwijzingen voor het bestaan van een intermediair 3,6-digesubstitueerd 4,5-didehydropyridazine in reacties van 3,6-digesubstitueerde 4-halogeenpyridazinen met kaliumamide in vloeibare ammoniak.Publikatie III:In de reactie van 6-chloor-3-methoxy-4-nitropyridazine 1-oxide met methanolische ammoniak en met vloeibare ammoniak treedt amino-demethoxylering op. Met behulp van 1H-NMR metingen kon worden aangetoond dat deze substitutie op een zeer ongewone wijze verloopt, n.l. in het op C(5) gevormde Meisenheimer complex.Publikatie IV:Van verschillende 3-mono- en 3,6-digesubstitueerde pyridazinen, 3-, 4- en 6-mono- en 3,6-digesubstitueerde pyridazine 1-oxiden en 4-nitro-3,6-digesubstitueerde pyridazine 1-oxiden zijn de 13C-absorpties bepaald. Hieruit werden de 13C-substituent effecten van substituenten in de 3-, 4- en 6-positie van de pyridazine ring en die van de N-oxide functie berekend. Door toepassing van deze substituent effecten konden de 13C-NMR spectra van de σ-adducten van 4-nitro-3,6-digesubstitueerde pyridazine 1-oxiden met vloeibare ammoniak worden geinterpreteerd.Uit de resultaten van de 1H-NMR en 13C-NMR metingen vermeld in III en IV kon zeer duidelijk worden vastgesteld dat 3-methoxy-4-nitropyridazine 1-oxiden een nucleofiele substitutie op CM kunnen ondergaan volgens een mechanisme, dat tot nu toe niet eerder in de literatuur is beschreven.Publikatie V:Bij de behandeling van 4-amino-3-X-pyridazine (X=Cl, Br) met kaliumamide in vloeibare ammoniak wordt 4-cyaanpyrazool gevormd. Onder dezelfde reactie omstandigheden ondergaat 4-amino-3,6-di-X-pyridazine (X=Cl, Br) een ringcontractie tot 3-(cyaanmethyl)-1,2,4-triazool.De in V beschreven ringcontractie tot 4-cyaanpyrazool kan worden beschouwd als een nieuw voorbeeld van een reactie, die reeds in andere ringsystemen beschreven is. De in V beschreven ringcontractie tot 3-(cyaanmethyl)-1,2,4-triazool is echter het eerste voorbeeld van een door kaliumamide gekatalyseerde ringcontractie, waarbij het gevormde vijfringsysteem meer stikstofatomen bevat dan het oorspronkelijke zesringsysteem.</p

Recommendation domains for pond aquaculture: country case study: development and status of freshwater aquaculture in Cameroon

This report is an output of the project “Determination of high-potential aquaculture development areas and impact in Africa and Asia”. This monograph is the case study for Cameroon. Written in three parts, it describes the historical background, practices, stakeholder profiles, production levels, economic and institutional environment, policy issues, and prospects for aquaculture in the country. First, it documents the history and current status of the aquaculture in the country. Second, it assesses the technologies and approaches that either succeeded or failed to foster aquaculture development and discusses why. Third, it identifies the key reasons for aquaculture adoption