Allele Frequency of SLC22A1 Met420del Metformin Main Transporter Encoding Gene among Javanese-Indonesian Population

BACKGROUND: Genetic variation in the genes that encode metformin transporters has been proven to cause pharmacokinetic variability and various glycemic response to metformin. Organic Cation Transporter (OCT) 1 protein encoded by the SLC22A1 gene is primarily responsible for the process of metformin influx to the hepatocytes as the target of antihyperglycemic action as well as metformin elimination through the renal. This study aimed to determine the allele frequency distribution of the SLC22A1 Met420del gene in OCT1 among the Javanese population, the largest ethnic group in Indonesia with T2DM. METHODS: The research involved 100 adult patients from 9 healthcare facilities in Yogyakarta Province. The PCR-RFLP method was employed as a genotype analysis to detect polymorphism using 5'-AGGTTCACGGACTCTGTGCT-3' forward primer and 5'-AAGCTGGAGTGTGCGATCT-3' reverse primer. RESULTS: No AA variant (wild type) type was found in the SLC22A1 Met420del gene, and only 4% of the subjects had Aa heterozygote type. The allele frequencies of A and a were 2.0% and 98.0% in all subjects, respectively. CONCLUSION: The allele frequencies in the Javanese-Indonesian population were almost the same as those in the studies involving Japanese, Chinese-Han, and Asian-American populations. This study recommends further research on the correlation between the influence of methionine deletion at codon 420 on the variability of pharmacokinetic profiles and the glycemic response to metformin as well as the incidence of gastrointestinal intolerance due to metformin administration

Expert consensus document: The International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics (ISAPP) consensus statement on the definition and scope of prebiotics

In December 2016, a panel of experts in microbiology, nutrition and clinical research was convened by the International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics to review the definition and scope of prebiotics. Consistent with the original embodiment of prebiotics, but aware of the latest scientific and clinical developments, the panel updated the definition of a prebiotic: a substrate that is selectively utilized by host microorganisms conferring a health benefit. This definition expands the concept of prebiotics to possibly include non-carbohydrate substances, applications to body sites other than the gastrointestinal tract, and diverse categories other than food. The requirement for selective microbiota-mediated mechanisms was retained. Beneficial health effects must be documented for a substance to be considered a prebiotic. The consensus definition applies also to prebiotics for use by animals, in which microbiota-focused strategies to maintain health and prevent disease is as relevant as for humans. Ultimately, the goal of this Consensus Statement is to engender appropriate use of the term ‘prebiotic’ by relevant stakeholders so that consistency and clarity can be achieved in research reports, product marketing and regulatory oversight of the category. To this end, we have reviewed several aspects of prebiotic science including its development, health benefits and legislation

Adhesive Bonding Analysis of Single Lap Joint Composite E-Glass Fiber WR 600

Abstract Composite is a material that is widely used in the manufacturing industry, especially in aircraft manufacturing. The use of composites generally lies in the airframe structure, which consists of joints. Composite joints are a method for combining structures and have become important research. The purpose of this study is to analyze the bonding strength and failure modes of single lap joint composite made of Epoxy resin and WR 600 Glass Fiber with different compositions for tensile testing. The standard for tensile testing is in accordance with ASTM D5868-01. The process started by making a specimen using the hand lay-up method with a vacuum bag. There were two types of specimens; A is a specimen with 74.82% resin and 25.18% fiber, while B is 66.42% resin and 33.57% fiber. Simply put, specimen B has less resin than specimen A. Tensile test results show that Specimen B had higher strength than specimen A. For bonding failure mode, specimen A was adhesive failure and for specimen B was cohesive failure. It was showed that the composition of the composite affects the shear lap strength.</jats:p

PTFE–Al2O3 reactive interaction at high heating rates

Differential scanning calorimetry and a high-speed temperature scanner were used to characterize dynamic features of the reaction between polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and Al2O3 under heating rates ranging between 20 and 780 °C min−1. Exothermic reaction behavior between PTFE and Al2O3 was observed at heating rates of 150 °C min−1 and higher. Thermodynamic calculations predicted an adiabatic temperature of 1,425 K for the PTFE/Al2O3 stoichiometric ratio. At lower heating rates, endothermic decomposition of PTFE dominated the interaction, where PTFE decomposes into gaseous products that escape the system without interacting with alumina. The enthalpy of the PTFE–Al2O3 exothermic reaction was estimated to be −103 kJ mol−1 with activation energy of 21 kJ mol−1. This study shows that, for energetic formulation of Al–PTFE, the Al2O3 layer on the aluminum particles can exothermically react with PTFE, producing AlF3 and carbon monoxide