Meanings about smoking for women participant in a group for smokers

O objetivo deste estudo foi conhecer sentidos produzidos sobre o tabagismo por mulheres participantes de um grupo para tabagistas em Florianópolis, SC, Brasil. O grupo foi composto por sete participantes. Utilizou-se a entrevista estruturada, com cinco questões abertas. O referencial teórico foi construcionismo social. Como conclusão, encontrou-se dois eixos temáticos: 1) cigarro no ciclo vital da mulher 2) expectativas em relação ao tratamento. Os repertórios utilizados para descrever o início do consumo na adolescência incluíram glamour, charme, independência e aceitação pelos pares, enquanto aqueles utilizados para descrever a manutenção do consumo na idade adulta incluíram ansiedade, depressão e recurso para lidar com o estresse diário. Quanto às expectativas em relação ao tratamento, acreditam que o contato com pessoas que vivenciam as mesmas dificuldades, em relação à interrupção do consumo e sonhos de uma vida saudável, seria motivador. O tratamento oferecido para tabagistas deve explorar estratégias para que as mulheres alcancem o que desejam com o consumo de cigarro.El objetivo de este estudio fue conocer el significado, sobre el fumar, declarado por mujeres que participaban en un grupo de fumadores en Florianópolis, estado de Santa Catarina, Brasil. Participaron siete fumadores. Se utilizó entrevistas estructuradas con cinco preguntas abiertas. El marco teórico fue el construccionismo social. Dos temas fueran detectados: 1) Los cigarrillos en el ciclo de vida de la mujer 2) Expectativas en relación al tratamiento. Los repertorios utilizados para describir el inicio del consumo, en la adolescencia, incluyen: glamour, encanto, independencia y el ser aceptado entre iguales; y los utilizados para describir el mantenimiento del consumo en la edad adulta incluyen: ansiedad, depresión y el uso como recurso para lidiar con el estrés diario. En cuanto a las expectativas para el tratamiento, creen que ayudaría el contacto con personas que experimentan las mismas dificultades en relación con la interrupción del consumo; también que los sueños de una vida saludable sería motivador. El tratamiento ofrecido a fumadores debería explorar estrategias para las mujeres que quieren abandonar el consumo de cigarrillos.The aim of this study was to understand the meanings produced about smoking by women participating in a group for smokers in Florianopolis, SC, Brazil. Seven participants took part in structured interviews with five open questions. The theoretical framework was social constructionism with two themes: 1) Cigarettes in the women’s life cycle 2) Expectations regarding treatment. The repertories used to describe the beginning of consumption in adolescence included glamour, charm, independence and peer acceptance and those used to describe the maintenance of consumption in adulthood included anxiety, depression and coping with daily stress. Regarding expectations for treatment they believed that contact with people who experience the same difficulties in relation to the cessation of consumption and the dream of a healthy life would be motivating. The treatment offered to smokers should explore strategies for women to achieve what they want regarding the consumption of cigarettes

Caution when using images during science lessons

O uso de imagens no ensino de Ciências é absolutamente rotineiro. Pesquisas têm mostrado que a leitura de imagens precisa ser ensinada, pois elas não são transparentes. Como qualquer outro recurso, o professor tem um papel, intencional ou não, direto ou indireto, no modo como as imagens funcionam em sala de aula. Além desses pressupostos, considerou-se que a leitura de imagens depende de condições sócio-historicamente construídas. O sujeito faz parte dessas condições. Essas idéias nos mostram a necessidade de se estudar com mais profundidade o papel da formação de professores na constituição dos modos de mediação do uso de imagens no ensino de Ciências. Com base nesses pressupostos, analisamos em que aspectos um curso de formação continuada de curta duração influenciou a relação dos professores com as imagens, suas representações e possíveis ações em sala de aula. Mostramos que houve deslocamentos nos modos como os professores se relacionam com as imagens e como significam sua relação com o ensino. _________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACTThe use of images in the teaching of sciences is quite a routine. Research has been showing the necessity of teaching the reading of images since their reading is not straightforward. As with any other resource, the teacher has an indispensable role, direct or indirect, in the way images work in the classroom context. Beyond of those presuppositions, it was considered that the reading of images depends on the historically-built conditions. The subject is part of those conditions. So, it is fundamental that we think about the role of teacher education courses in the understanding of the manner of mediation of the use of images when teaching science. In this work we analyzed in what aspects a short duration course of in-service teacher education influenced teachers' relationship with the images, their representations and possible actions in classroom. At the end of the course it was realised that there were changes in the ways teachers thought about images and in their relationship with images within science teaching and learning processes

Eventos agudos em saúde mental

Na unidade Agressão e autoagressão você terá a oportunidade de estudar se que a violência, a agressão e a autoagressão são fenômenos refletidos na perspectiva de condições humanas. A patologização desses fenômenos fica evidente quando são promovidas rupturas sociais e quando determinados critérios técnicos são estabelecidos para interpretá-los. O acolhimento, o vínculo, a responsabilidade e a atuação em Rede Intersetorial são premissas para o cuidado nesta especificidade. Na unidade Alterações de comportamento é apresentado as principais alterações destacando-se os estados psicóticos agudos, a ansiedade e a depressão. Esses conceitos se originam de diferentes abordagens teóricas que determinam sua classificação. A organização Mundial da Saúde através do CID 10 é o que prevalece no campo dos diagnósticos descritivos em psiquiatria e saúde mental. O cuidado a pessoa em sofrimento psíquico grave segue a lógica da oferta das ações e serviços através da Rede de Atenção Psicossocial, onde o acolhimento e o Projeto Terapêutico Singular são elementos organizadores desse cuidado. Na unidade que trata de Problemas relacionados ao uso de substâncias psicoativas é abordado os saberes e as práticas relacionados ao uso abusivo de álcool, crack e outras drogas. Assim, foram indicadas as diferentes formas e os modelos de cuidado dos pacientes usuários de substâncias psicoativas, observando-se que apesar de cada uma dessas apresentar sua especificidade, as decisões terapêuticas devem considerar a pessoa que sofre e oportunizar sua participação efetiva na construção de seu projeto terapêutico.1.0UNA-SUSMinistério da Saúd

AZD1775 Induces Toxicity Through Double-Stranded DNA Breaks Independently of Chemotherapeutic Agents in p53-Mutated Colorectal Cancer Cells

AZD1775 is a small molecule WEE1 inhibitor used in combination with DNA-damaging agents to cause premature mitosis and cell death in p53-mutated cancer cells. Here we sought to determine the mechanism of action of AZD1775 in combination with chemotherapeutic agents in light of recent findings that AZD1775 can cause double-stranded DNA (DS-DNA) breaks. AZD1775 significantly improved the cytotoxicity of 5-FU in a p53-mutated colorectal cancer cell line (HT29 cells), decreasing the IC50 from 9.3 μM to 3.5 μM. Flow cytometry showed a significant increase in the mitotic marker pHH3 (3.4% vs. 56.2%) and DS-DNA break marker γH2AX (5.1% vs. 50.7%) for combination therapy compared to 5-FU alone. Combination therapy also increased the amount of caspase-3 dependent apoptosis compared to 5-FU alone (4% vs. 13%). The addition of exogenous nucleosides to combination therapy significantly rescued the increased DS-DNA breaks and caspase-3 dependent apoptosis almost to the levels of 5-FU monotherapy. In conclusion, AZD1775 enhances 5-FU cytotoxicity through increased DS-DNA breaks, not premature mitosis, in p53-mutated colorectal cancer cells. This finding is important for designers of future clinical trials when considering the optimal timing and duration of AZD1775 treatment

Contrasting reservoirs for Schistosoma japonicum between marshland and hilly regions in Anhui, China--a two-year longitudinal parasitological survey.

Schistosoma japonicum remains highly endemic in many counties in China and has recently re-emerged, to a large extent, in previously controlled areas. To test the hypothesis that small rodents and less agriculturally important domestic animals such as dogs and cats may play an important role in the transmission and potential re-emergence of this disease, an annual investigation of S. japonicum among humans, domestic animals and rodents, combined with detailed surveys of the snail intermediate host, was performed across 3 marshland villages and 3 hilly villages in Anhui province of China over 2 consecutive years. The highest infection prevalence and intensity observed across all mammals was in rodents in the hilly region; while in the marshland, bovines were suspected as the main reservoirs. However, relatively high infection prevalence levels were also found in dogs and cats in both regions. Such results may have implications for the current human- and bovine-oriented control policy for this medically and veterinarily important disease, particularly within the hilly regions of mainland China

Evaluating the effect of the temporomandibular disorder treatment over tinnitus

INTRODUCTION: The interaction between tinnitus and temporomandibular disorders is a very complex issue that has been long approached, because neither the etiologic factors nor the pathogenesis of such a two-way association has been clearly defined yet. Additionally, tinnitus is known to be more prevalent in temporomandibular dysfunction individuals in comparison with the general population, hence, suggesting the existence of this two-way association. OBJECTIVE: Evaluate the effect of the temporomandibular disorder treatment when tinnitus is noticed. METHODS: It is about a prospective cohort study, in which temporomandibular dysfunction (TMD) individuals showing a tinnitus before and after the dental TMD treatment were studied. Patients' age, sex, and tinnitus features - place of symptom and time length were examined, and an audiometric evaluation was performed. Intensity of tinnitus was evaluated by a digital analogue scale before and after the TMD treatment. RESULTS: We evaluated 15 TMD and tinnitus patients aged between 37. 7±17. 1, 86. 7% of whom were female. In 60% of the cases, tinnitus was unilateral and the average time length was 24 months. In 5 (33. 3%) patients, a neurosensorial hearing loss was seen at audiometry. When comparing the visual analogue scale scores before and after the dental treatment, a significant decrease (p<0,001) in the intensity of tinnitus was evident. In 4 (26. 6%) patients, tinnitus disappeared. CONCLUSION: A significant decrease in the recognition of tinnitus by patients submitted to a temporomandibular dysfunction treatment was evident.INTRODUÇÃO: A interação entre o zumbido e os distúrbios temporomandibulares é um tema que possui abordagem antiga e complexa, pois os fatores etiológicos, bem como a patogênese desta inter-relação ainda não são bem definidos. Ademais, sabe-se que o zumbido possui maior prevalência nos portadores de distúrbios temporomandibulares quando comparados com a população geral, o que sugere haver esta correlação. OBJETIVO: Avaliar o efeito do tratamento dos distúrbios temporomandibulares na percepção do zumbido. MÉTODO: Trata-se de um estudo de coorte, prospectivo, em que se estudaram pacientes portadores de distúrbios temporomandibulares (DTM) que apresentavam zumbido antes e após o tratamento odontológico do DTM. Os pacientes foram avaliados quanto à idade, sexo, caracterização do zumbido - local do sintoma e tempo de duração e avaliação auditiva através de audiometria. A intensidade do zumbido foi avaliada através de escala analógico-digital antes e após o tratamento dos DTM. RESULTADOS: Avaliamos 15 pacientes com DTM e zumbido, com idade média de 37,7±17,1 anos, sendo 86,7% do sexo feminino. Em 60% dos casos o zumbido era unilateral e a mediana do tempo de duração foi de 24 meses. Em 5 (33,3%) pacientes identificou-se perda auditiva neurossensorial a audiometria. Comparando-se os escores da escala analógico-visual antes e após o tratamento odontológico, verificou-se que houve redução significativa (p<0,001) da intensidade do zumbido. Em 4 (26,6%) pacientes houve desaparecimento do zumbido. CONCLUSÃO: Houve redução significativa na percepção do zumbido nos pacientes submetidos a tratamento das desordens temporomandibulares.Hospital do Servidor Público Municipal de São PauloUFSC Departamento de CirurgiaUFSC Departamento de OdontologiaHospital Regional de São José Dr. Homero de Miranda GomesUNIFESP-EPMUNIFESP, EPMSciEL

Early and efficient detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in sputum by microscopic observation of broth cultures.

Early, efficient and inexpensive methods for the detection of pulmonary tuberculosis are urgently needed for effective patient management as well as to interrupt transmission. These methods to detect M. tuberculosis in a timely and affordable way are not yet widely available in resource-limited settings. In a developing-country setting, we prospectively evaluated two methods for culturing and detecting M. tuberculosis in sputum. Sputum samples were cultured in liquid assay (micro broth culture) in microplate wells and growth was detected by microscopic observation, or in Löwenstein-Jensen (LJ) solid media where growth was detected by visual inspection for colonies. Sputum samples were collected from 321 tuberculosis (TB) suspects attending Bugando Medical Centre, in Mwanza, Tanzania, and were cultured in parallel. Pulmonary tuberculosis cases were diagnosed using the American Thoracic Society diagnostic standards. There were a total of 200 (62.3%) pulmonary tuberculosis cases. Liquid assay with microscopic detection detected a significantly higher proportion of cases than LJ solid culture: 89.0% (95% confidence interval [CI], 84.7% to 93.3%) versus 77.0% (95% CI, 71.2% to 82.8%) (p = 0.0007). The median turn around time to diagnose tuberculosis was significantly shorter for micro broth culture than for the LJ solid culture, 9 days (interquartile range [IQR] 7-13), versus 21 days (IQR 14-28) (p<0.0001). The cost for micro broth culture (labor inclusive) in our study was US $4.56 per sample, versus US$11.35 per sample for the LJ solid culture. The liquid assay (micro broth culture) is an early, feasible, and inexpensive method for detection of pulmonary tuberculosis in resource limited settings

Chemical evolution of the Small Magellanic Cloud based on planetary nebulae

We investigate the chemical evolution of the Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC) based on abundance data of planetary nebulae (PNe). The main goal is to investigate the time evolution of the oxygen abundance in this galaxy by deriving an age-metallicity relation. Such a relation is of fundamental importance as an observational constraint of chemical evolution models of the SMC. We have used high quality PNe data in order to derive the properties of the progenitor stars, so that the stellar ages could be estimated. We collected a large number of measured spectral fluxes for each nebula, and derived accurate physical parameters and nebular abundances. New spectral data for a sample of SMC PNe obtained between 1999 and 2002 are also presented. These data are used together with data available in the literature to improve the accuracy of the fluxes for each spectral line. We obtained accurate chemical abundances for PNe in the Small Magellanic Cloud, which can be useful as tools in the study of the chemical evolution of this galaxy and of Local Group galaxies. We present the resulting oxygen versus age diagram and a similar relation involving the [Fe/H] metallicity based on a correlation with stellar data. We discuss the implications of the derived age-metallicity relation for the SMC formation, in particular by suggesting a star formation burst in the last 2-3 Gyr.Comment: 11 pages, 6 figures, accepted for publication in Astronomy and Astrophysic