In vitro rumen gas production kinetics, hydrocyanic acid concentration and fermentation characteristics of fresh cassava root and feed block sulfur concentration

Context Feeding ruminants with fresh cassava roots (FCR) is limited because they have a high concentration of hydrocyanic acid (HCN). Thus, it was hypothesised that receiving a feed block containing high sulfur (FBS) would reduce hydrocyanic acid (HCN) in FCR and improve rumen fermentation and nutrient digestibility in animals. Aims The goal of the present work was to study the influence of the ratio of FCR to rice straw (RS) together with FBS on kinetics of gas production, HCN concentration, fermentation characteristics and nutrient digestibility, using in vitro technique. Methods The experimental design was a 4 × 2 factorial arrangement in a completely randomised design, with three replications per treatment. Factor A was the FCR to RS ratio, which was 100:0, 60:40, 40:60 or 0:100. Factor B was sulfur, which was provided as two concentrations in FBS (2% and 4% DM). Gas production was recorded after incubation, at 0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 18, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h. Fermentation liquor was collected and determined for kinetics of gas production, HCN concentration, fermentation characteristics and nutrient digestibility. Key results Cassava root to RS ratio influenced the cumulative gas production after 96 h. Inclusion of sulfur in the FBS at 4% increased the cumulative gas production, when compared with inclusion at 2%. The gas production from degradable fraction (b) and the rate of gas production (c) were significantly different among the treatments with different FCR:RS ratios, whereas there was no difference between using 2% and 4% sulfur in the FBS. The HCN concentration in fermentation liquor increased with an increasing proportion of FCR. Furthermore, inclusion of sulfur in the feed block at 4% reduced HCN concentration by 42.8%, when compared with inclusion at 2% (P &amp;lt; 0.05). Ammonia-nitrogen concentration was significantly different among the FCR:RS-ratio treatments and was reduced when the proportion of FCR was decreased (P &amp;lt; 0.05). In vitro digestibility was significantly increased with an increasing proportion of FCR. Increasing the proportion of FCR with 4% of sulfur in the FBS significantly increased in vitro DM digestibility, compared with 2% sulfur. Increasing the FCR:RS ratio with 4% of sulfur in the FBS increased the proportion of propionic acid (P &amp;lt; 0.05). Conclusions Using a high FCR:RS ratio (100:0 or 60:40) with 4% sulfur in the FBS enhanced kinetics of gas production, propionic molar proportion, nutrient digestibility, and HCN detoxification by rumen microbes in an in vitro trial. Implications An in vivo study should be encouraged to verify the results and obtain more data. </jats:p

Effects of Replacing Soybean Meal with Enzymatically Fermented Citric Waste Pellets on In Vitro Rumen Fermentation, Degradability, and Gas Production Kinetics

This study evaluated the effects of replacing SBM with CWYWEP on in vitro rumen fermentation, nutrient degradability, and gas production kinetics. Citric waste was co-fermented with yeast waste and a multi-enzyme complex for 14 days, then sun-dried and pelleted. The final CWYWEP product contained 50.4% crude protein (DM basis). A completely randomized design tested seven diets in which SBM was replaced by CWYWEP or non-enzymatic citric waste–yeast waste pellets (CWYWP) at 0%, 33%, 66%, or 100% inclusion. Replacing SBM with CWYWEP significantly increased cumulative gas production at 96 h, with the 100% CWYWEP group achieving 93.7 mL/0.5 g DM—a 14% increase over the control (p p p p p > 0.05). In contrast, CWYWP without enzymes showed minimal improvement. These findings indicate that CWYWEP is a promising high-protein alternative to SBM, enhancing fermentation efficiency and reducing methane under in vitro conditions. Further in vivo studies are warranted to validate these effects

Ruminal Fermentation, Milk Production Efficiency, and Nutrient Digestibility of Lactating Dairy Cows Receiving Fresh Cassava Root and Solid Feed-Block Containing High Sulfur

This study evaluates the effects of fresh cassava root (CR) and a solid feed-block containing sulfur (S-FB) on fermentation in the rumen, feed utilization, milk yield, and milk composition in lactating dairy cows. Four Holstein-Friesian cows with 470 ± 50.0 kg body weight (BW), 10 ± 2 kg day−1 average milk yield, and 112 ± 15 days-in-milk were studied. A 2 × 2 factorial combination was arranged in a 4 × 4 Latin square design to evaluate the treatment-related effects. The treatments were obtained from a combination of two factors: (1) levels of CR at 10 g kg−1 BW (CR-1) and 15 g kg−1 (CR-1.5) and (2) levels of sulfur supplementation in solid feed-block at 20 g kg−1 (S-FB-2) and 40 g kg−1 (S-FB-4). The results showed that CR and S-FB had no interaction effect on feed intake, digestibility, fermentation, blood metabolites, milk yield, or its composition. Feeding CR up to 15 g kg−1 of the BW significantly increased (p &lt; 0.05) the milk fat concentration while it decreased (p &lt; 0.05) the somatic cell count. The S-FB-4 of the sulfur significantly (p &lt; 0.05) increased the acid detergent fiber when compared with the S-FB-2 of the sulfur. CR could be fed up to 15 g kg−1 of BW with S-FB containing high sulfur (40 g kg−1) in dairy cows without a negative impact

Ruminal Fermentation, Milk Production Efficiency, and Nutrient Digestibility of Lactating Dairy Cows Receiving Fresh Cassava Root and Solid Feed-Block Containing High Sulfur

This study evaluates the effects of fresh cassava root (CR) and a solid feed-block containing sulfur (S-FB) on fermentation in the rumen, feed utilization, milk yield, and milk composition in lactating dairy cows. Four Holstein-Friesian cows with 470 ± 50.0 kg body weight (BW), 10 ± 2 kg day−1 average milk yield, and 112 ± 15 days-in-milk were studied. A 2 × 2 factorial combination was arranged in a 4 × 4 Latin square design to evaluate the treatment-related effects. The treatments were obtained from a combination of two factors: (1) levels of CR at 10 g kg−1 BW (CR-1) and 15 g kg−1 (CR-1.5) and (2) levels of sulfur supplementation in solid feed-block at 20 g kg−1 (S-FB-2) and 40 g kg−1 (S-FB-4). The results showed that CR and S-FB had no interaction effect on feed intake, digestibility, fermentation, blood metabolites, milk yield, or its composition. Feeding CR up to 15 g kg−1 of the BW significantly increased (p &lt; 0.05) the milk fat concentration while it decreased (p &lt; 0.05) the somatic cell count. The S-FB-4 of the sulfur significantly (p &lt; 0.05) increased the acid detergent fiber when compared with the S-FB-2 of the sulfur. CR could be fed up to 15 g kg−1 of BW with S-FB containing high sulfur (40 g kg−1) in dairy cows without a negative impact.</jats:p

Manipulation of In Vitro Ruminal Fermentation and Feed Digestibility as Influenced by Yeast Waste-Treated Cassava Pulp Substitute Soybean Meal and Different Roughage to Concentrate Ratio

Cassava pulp (CS) is high in fiber and low in protein; hence, improving the nutritive value of CS is required to increase its contribution to enhancing ruminant production. The present work hypothesized that CS quality could be enhanced by fermentation with yeast waste (YW), which can be used to replace soybean meal (SBM), as well as lead to improved feed utilization in ruminants. Thus, evaluation of in vitro ruminal fermentation and feed digestibility, as influenced by YW-treated CS and different roughage (R) to concentrate (C) ratios, was elucidated. The design of the experiment was a 5 × 3 factorial arrangement in a completely randomized design. Each treatment contained three replications and three runs. The first factor was replacing SBM with CS fermented with YW (CSYW) in a concentrate ratio at 100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75, and 0:100, respectively. The second factor was R:C ratios at 70:30, 50:50, and 30:70. The level of CSYW showed significantly higher (p &lt; 0.01) gas production from the insoluble fraction (b), potential extent of gas production (a + b), and cumulative gas production at 96 h than the control group (p &lt; 0.05). There were no interactions among the CSYW and R:C ratio on the in vitro digestibility (p &gt; 0.05). Furthermore, increasing the amount of CSYW to replace SBM up to 75% had no negative effect on in vitro neutral detergent fiber degradability (IVNDFD) (p &gt; 0.05) while replacing CSWY at 100% could reduce IVNDFD (p &gt; 0.05). The bacterial population in the rumen was reduced by 25.05% when CSYW completely replaced SBM (p &lt; 0.05); however, 75% of CSWY in the diet did not change the bacterial population (p &gt; 0.05). The concentration of propionate (C3) decreased upon an increase in the CSYW level, which was lowest with the replacement of SBM by CSYW up to 75%. However, various R:C ratios did not influence total volatile fatty acids (VFAs), and the proportion of VFAs (p &gt; 0.05), except the concentration of C3, increased when the proportion of a concentrate diet increased (p &lt; 0.05). In conclusion, CSYW could be utilized as a partial replacement for SBM in concentrate diets up to 75% without affecting gas kinetics, ruminal parameters, or in vitro digestibility.</jats:p

Manipulation of In Vitro Ruminal Fermentation and Feed Digestibility as Influenced by Yeast Waste-Treated Cassava Pulp Substitute Soybean Meal and Different Roughage to Concentrate Ratio

Cassava pulp (CS) is high in fiber and low in protein; hence, improving the nutritive value of CS is required to increase its contribution to enhancing ruminant production. The present work hypothesized that CS quality could be enhanced by fermentation with yeast waste (YW), which can be used to replace soybean meal (SBM), as well as lead to improved feed utilization in ruminants. Thus, evaluation of in vitro ruminal fermentation and feed digestibility, as influenced by YW-treated CS and different roughage (R) to concentrate (C) ratios, was elucidated. The design of the experiment was a 5 × 3 factorial arrangement in a completely randomized design. Each treatment contained three replications and three runs. The first factor was replacing SBM with CS fermented with YW (CSYW) in a concentrate ratio at 100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75, and 0:100, respectively. The second factor was R:C ratios at 70:30, 50:50, and 30:70. The level of CSYW showed significantly higher (p &lt; 0.01) gas production from the insoluble fraction (b), potential extent of gas production (a + b), and cumulative gas production at 96 h than the control group (p &lt; 0.05). There were no interactions among the CSYW and R:C ratio on the in vitro digestibility (p &gt; 0.05). Furthermore, increasing the amount of CSYW to replace SBM up to 75% had no negative effect on in vitro neutral detergent fiber degradability (IVNDFD) (p &gt; 0.05) while replacing CSWY at 100% could reduce IVNDFD (p &gt; 0.05). The bacterial population in the rumen was reduced by 25.05% when CSYW completely replaced SBM (p &lt; 0.05); however, 75% of CSWY in the diet did not change the bacterial population (p &gt; 0.05). The concentration of propionate (C3) decreased upon an increase in the CSYW level, which was lowest with the replacement of SBM by CSYW up to 75%. However, various R:C ratios did not influence total volatile fatty acids (VFAs), and the proportion of VFAs (p &gt; 0.05), except the concentration of C3, increased when the proportion of a concentrate diet increased (p &lt; 0.05). In conclusion, CSYW could be utilized as a partial replacement for SBM in concentrate diets up to 75% without affecting gas kinetics, ruminal parameters, or in vitro digestibility

Microencapsulation efficiency of fruit peel phytonutrient-based antimicrobial to mitigate rumen emission using in vitro fermentation technique

This research investigated the protecting properties of polyphenols and flavonoids in phytonutrient pellets formulated from lemongrass powder and mangosteen peel (LEMANGOS pellets) through the microencapsulation and named microencapsulated LEMANGOS (mLEMANGOS). For this purpose, the effects of mLEMANGOS supplementation at various R:C ratios of 60:40 and 20:80 were evaluated and compared with monensin (antibiotic) supplementation under an in vitro study technique. Treatments were randomly assigned in a 2 × 4 × 2 factorial arrangement in a completely randomised design consisting of factors A: R:C ratios (60:40 and 80:20), factor B: mLEMANGOS supplementation (0, 2, 4, and 6% DM), and factor C: monensin supplementation (0 and 20% DM). There was an interaction between the R:C ratio and both mLEMANGOS and monensin supplements on the in vitro gas production kinetics, ruminal by-product fermentation, methane production, and rumen microbial population (p < 0.001, 0.01, 0.05). Results indicated that each supplementation influenced the gas production kinetics, while there was decreased cumulative gas production in the mLEMANGOS supplemented. Consequently, the supplemented group buffered ruminal pH and increased the in vitro dry matter degradability (IVDMD) and ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) concentrations. Moreover, the additional treatment of mLEMANGOS supplementation (6% DM at R:C ratios of 60:40 and 20:80) significantly reduced the number of Methanobacteriales to 53.5% and 50.4% after 24 h, respectively. Results from those supplements can reduce methane production to 99.2% and 97.9% (p < 0.001), respectively. This research suggests that phytonutrient-based antimicrobial in the mLEMANGOS supplement could potentially be used as ruminant feed additives and as antimicrobial substances.HIGHLIGHT Microencapsulated LEMANGOS was formulated by biopolymer using green technique to retain the phytonutrients and their long-term release. The mLEMANGOS supplementation (at 6% of total DM) can be used as a synthetic bio-antibiotic for inhibiting methanogens-archaea population. The mLEMANGOS supplementation (at 6% of total DM) can enhance rumen nutrients degradability, ruminal end-products, and mitigate methane production

The recycling of tropical fruit peel waste-products applied in feed additive for ruminants: Food manufacturing industries, phytonutrient properties, mechanisms, and future applications

Tropical fruits are grown on tree varieties native to tropical regions, presenting a high concentration of phytonutrients (PTNs). Tropical fruits are often used in the extraction of juice, as well as in the preparation of jams, jellies, and canned products. The residual components, particularly fruit peels, are frequently discarded as wastes. This approach intends to reduce waste accumulation while meeting the growing public demand for PTNs, which are believed to possess antibacterial, antioxidant, methane production inhibitory, and rumen fermentation-enhancing properties. The tropical fruit wastes under consideration include banana, citrus fruit, dragon fruit, durian, jackfruit, mango, mangosteen, passion fruit, pineapple, pomegranate, and rambutan. Therefore, the objective of this review is to provide a comprehensive overview of the existing research focusing on the biological capabilities of tropical waste products derived from fruit peels, as well as their PTN profile, targeting their potential as supplements as feed additives for ruminants. The main attention of using PTNs found in tropical fruit peels is for enhancing rumen fermentation characteristics and production, while simultaneously mitigating the methane (CH4) production. Results provided by the present review showed that fruit peel waste products could buffer rumen pH levels, improve nutrient digestibility, ammonia-nitrogen (NH3–N) concentrations, blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels, volatile fatty acids (VFAs) concentrations, and microbial populations, as well as enhancing milk production, and decrease CH4 production. These waste products could be a potential alternative plant-based PTN compound supplement to be use as a feed additive in ruminants