The chipá and the feminine stamp: memories of paraguayan women who are part of the cultural heritage of Paraguay.

Ko jehesa‟ÿijópe oñeñe‟ë peteï arandukuaa mba‟e porä ñemomba‟ére, peteï mba‟e ojekuaa ha ojejapo meméva Paraguáipe: pe chipa (mbujape ojejapóva aramirö mandi‟ógui, avati aramirö, kure ñandy, ryguasu rupi‟a, kesu, kamby ha ambue mba‟e oñemoï joparáva), kuña rembiapóicha ojehechaukáva ñandéve oñekuave‟ëhápe ko oñemomba‟eva‟ekue Tetä rembi‟úicha (arandukuaa mba‟e tee) Paraguáipe. Ko chipáre ñeñemu, maymave ojehecha kuñanguéra pópe, umi ojekuaáva opárupi chipéraicha. Upéicha avei, ko tembiapo rupive ojehechaukase ha oñeikumby poräseve umi kuña paraguái rembiapo katupyry, yvypóra omoañetéva gueteri ohóvo pe ñande reko ymágui oúva, ñane retäygua mandu‟áicha ha mba‟e porä oikovéva chipáre oñeñemuhápe. Upéicha avei, ko ñe‟ë haipýpe ojehechauka umi tekove rapykuere, hembiapopekuéra ha mba‟apohára kuñáicha upe chipa ñemoñemúme; mba‟éichagua tekoha ha mba‟éichapa ojereko hikuái pe imba‟apohápe, mba‟eichahárupi oñemoï ha oje‟u pe chipa, ha mba‟éicha ojereko pe mba‟e tee rehegua mandu‟a, upe teko arandu guasu kuña mba‟évape. Ko jehesa‟ÿijo ohechase pe mba‟e apytu‟ü oipurukuévo Marandeko Jurugua Ñe‟ërä.O assunto em questão lida com o capital de um bem cultural, produto característico do Paraguai; o chipá ou a chipa (pão feito principalmente com amido de mandioca, farinha de milho, banha de porco, ovos, queijo, leite, entre outros ingredientes que se combinam de forma variada), à luz do preponderante trabalho feminino na comercialização deste bem, declarado alimento nacional (patrimônio cultural) do Paraguai. Este trabalho, de venda do chipá, em sua grande maioria, ocorre nas mãos de mulheres popularmente conhecidas como chiperas. Assim, o principal objetivo da pesquisa é tornar visível e comprender o papel das mulheres paraguaias como pessoas que representam e preservam uma tradição cultural, uma memória coletiva e um patrimônio vivo, através da comercialização do chipá. Assim também, a dissertação apresenta as trajetorias de vida, experiências laborais e pessoais das mulheres em relação à chipá; a descrição das condições de trabalho em que as mesmas se encontram; os vários usos e formas de comensalidade e sociabilidade associados ao chipá e a análise dos conceitos de memória e patrimônio, principalmente, envolvidos em um universo cultural essencialmente feminino. A pesquisa é qualitativa, na qual foi aplicada a metodologia de História Oral Temática.The subject in question deals with the capital of a cultural asset, a characteristic product of Paraguay; the chipá or chipa (type of bread made mainly with cassava starch, corn flour, pork fat, egg, cheese, milk, among other ingredients that are combined in a variety of ways), through the preponderant female labor in the commercialization of this cultural good, declared as a national food (cultural heritage) of Paraguay. This work, to sell chipá, is developed, mostly, in the hands of women popularly known as chiperas. Thus, the main objective of the research is to make visible and understand the protagonism of paraguayan women as people who represent and preserve a cultural tradition, a collective memory and a living heritage, through the commercialization of the chipá. Also, the present dissertation presents the life and labor trajectories and personal experiences of women towards the commercialization of the chipá; the description of the working conditions in which they are found, the various uses and forms of commensality and sociability associated with the chipá and the analysis of the concepts of memory and cultural heritage, mainly, involved in an essentially feminine cultural universe. The research is qualitative, in which was applied the Thematic Oral History methodology.La materia en cuestión trata sobre el capital de un bien cultural, producto característico del Paraguay; el chipá o la chipa (panecillo elaborado principalmente con almidón de mandioca, harina de maíz, grasa de cerdo, huevo, queso, leche, entre otros ingredientes que se combinan de manera variada), a la luz de la preponderante labor femenina en el oficio de la comercialización de este bien, declarado alimento nacional (patrimonio cultural) del Paraguay. Esta labor, de vender chipá, en su gran mayoría, se da en manos de mujeres popularmente conocidas como las chiperas. Así pues, el objetivo principal de la investigación es visibilizar y comprender el protagonismo de mujeres paraguayas como personas que representan y preservan una tradición cultural, una memoria colectiva y un patrimonio vivo, a través de la comercialización del chipá. Así también, la presente disertación expone las trayectorias de vida, experiencias laborales y personales de mujeres en relación a la comercialización del chipá; la descripción de las condiciones laborales en las que las mismas se encuentran, los varios usos y formas de comensalía y sociabilidad asociadas al chipá y el análisis de los conceptos de memoria y patrimonio, principalmente, envueltos en un universo cultural esencialmente femenino. La investigación es de carácter cualitativa, en la cual se aplicó la metodología de Historia Oral Temática

Persistent low-energy phonon broadening near the charge-order q vector in the bilayer cuprate Bi2Sr2CaCu2 O8+δ

We report a persistent low-energy phonon broadening around qB∼0.28 reciprocal lattice unit (r.l.u.) along the Cu-O bond direction in the high-Tc cuprate Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+δ (Bi-2212). We show that such broadening exists both inside and outside the conventional charge-density wave (CDW) phase, via temperature-dependent measurements in both underdoped and heavily overdoped samples. Combining inelastic hard x-ray scattering, diffuse scattering, angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy, and resonant soft x-ray scattering at the Cu L3-edge, we exclude the presence of a CDW in the heavily overdoped Bi-2212 similar to that observed in the underdoped systems. Finally, we discuss the origin of such anisotropic low-energy phonon broadening and its potential precursory role to the CDW phase in the underdoped region

What to Buy? On the Complexity of Being a Critical Consumer

This article criticises the notion that critical/political/ethical consumerism can solve issues related to sustainability and food production. It does this by analysing the complexity of the concept of sustainability as related to food choices. The current trend of pursuing a sustainable food production through critical purchase decisions rather than through regulation is shown to be problematic, as shopping for a more sustainable food system might be much harder than initially believed due to the conflicting values and inherent trade-offs entailed in the different notions of sustainability. Thus, critical consumerism may give way to false expectations as the complexity of choices transpires. One obvious way out is to let decisions regarding food choices be made earlier in the food production chain as well as through new modes of governance engaging members of civil society in their capacity as citizens rather than consumers. This entails complementing society’s reliance on critical consumerism with a citizen-oriented and political process in support of making more sustainable food choices

The unified framework for biological invasions: a forest fungal pathogen perspective

Biological invasions in forests are growing in number and importance globally. The best studied examples are those caused by plants and animals, including insects. In contrast, forest invasions caused by microbes, including fungi, have received much lower levels of attention, particularly in the invasion biology literature. This can at least to some extent be due to the large number of these organisms involved and the fact that the majority of these have yet to be discovered and described. This is equally true for tree-infecting fungi, many of which are devastating pathogens responsible for dramatic invasions in natural and planted forests. This situation is changing through the application of molecular genetic tools that make it possible to accurately identify fungal tree pathogens, to determine their origins, pathways of movement, their modes of reproduction and change; all of which can influence invasions. The role and relevance of symbioses between tree pathogens and insects in forest invasions is also gaining increased attention. So too is our understanding that trees live in close association with large numbers of microbes that make up their holobiome. This has substantial relevance to invasion biology (Zenni et al. 2017). This commentary highlights four emerging issues that need to be considered regarding the invasions by fungal pathogens of trees and it emphasizes opportunities to better understand their relevance and impacts on natural and planted forests. A call is also made for plant pathologists to work more closely with ecologists such that fungal pathogens become more commonly integrated into invasion biology programmes.The DST/NRF Centre of Excellence in Tree Health Biotechnology, the National Research Foundation (South Africa) and the Tree Protection Cooperative Programme (TPCP).http://link.springer.com/journal/105302018-11-19hj2017Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI)Genetic

Genomics of Fagaceae

An overview of recent achievements and development of genomic resources in the Fagaceae is provided, with major emphasis on the genera Castanea and Quercus. The Fagaceae is a large plant family comprising more than 900 species belonging to 8-10 genera. Using a wide range of molecular markers, population genetics and gene diversity surveys were the focus of many studies during the past 20 years. This work set the stage for investigations in genomics beginning in the early 1990s and facilitated the application of genetic and quantitative trait loci mapping approaches. Transferability of markers across species and comparative mapping have indicated tight macrosynteny between Quercus and Castanea. Omic technologies were more recently developed and the corresponding resources are accessible via electronic and physical repositories (expressed sequence tag sequences, single-nucleotide polymorphisms, candidate genes, cDNA clones, bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) libraries) that have been installed in North America and Europe. BAC libraries and physical maps were also constructed in Castanea and Quercus and provide the necessary resources for full nuclear genome sequencing projects that are currently under way in Castanea mollissima (Chinese chestnut) and Quercus robur (pedunculate oak)