Enhancement of immune response of HBsAg loaded poly(L-lactic acid) microspheres against Hepatitis B through incorporation of alum and chitosan

Purpose: Poly (L-lactic acid) (PLA) microparticles encapsulating Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) with alum and chitosan were investigated for their potential as a vaccine delivery system. Methods: The microparticles, prepared using a water-in-oil-in-water (w/o/w) double emulsion solvent evaporation method with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) or chitosan as the external phase stabilising agent showed a significant increase in the encapsulation efficiency of the antigen. Results: PLA-Alum and PLA-chitosan microparticles induced HBsAg serum specific IgG antibody responses significantly higher than PLA only microparticles and free antigen following subcutaneous administration. Chitosan not only imparted a positive charge to the surface of the microparticles but was also able to increase the serum specific IgG antibody responses significantly. Conclusions: The cytokine assays showed that the serum IgG antibody response induced is different according to the formulation, indicated by the differential levels of interleukin 4 (IL-4), interleukin 6 (IL-6) and interferon gamma (IFN-γ). The microparticles eliciting the highest IgG antibody response did not necessarily elicit the highest levels of the cytokines IL-4, IL-6 and IFN-γ

The synthetic xylulose-1 phosphate pathway increases production of glycolic acid from xylose-rich sugar mixtures

Background: Glycolic acid (GA) is a two-carbon hydroxyacid with applications in the cosmetic, textile, and medical industry. Microbial GA production from all sugars can be achieved by engineering the natural glyoxylate shunt. The synthetic (D)-xylulose-1 phosphate (X1P) pathway provides a complementary route to produce GA from (D)-xylose. The simultaneous operation of the X1P and glyoxylate pathways increases the theoretical GA yield from xylose by 20 %, which may strongly improve GA production from hemicellulosic hydrolysates. Results: We herein describe the construction of an E. coli strain that produces GA via the glyoxylate pathway at a yield of 0.31, 0.29, and 0.37 g/g from glucose, xylose, or a mixture of glucose and xylose ( mass ratio: 33: 66 %), respectively. When the X1P pathway operates in addition to the glyoxylate pathway, the GA yields on the three substrates are, respectively, 0.39, 0.43, and 0.47 g/g. Upon constitutive expression of the sugar permease GalP, the GA yield of the strain which simultaneously operates the glyoxylate and X1P pathways further increases to 0.63 g/g when growing on the glucose/ xylose mixture. Under these conditions, the GA yield on the xylose fraction of the sugar mixture reaches 0.75 g/g, which is the highest yield reported to date. Conclusions: These results demonstrate that the synthetic X1P pathway has a very strong potential to improve GA production from xylose-rich hemicellulosic hydrolysates

Degradation model of starch-EVOH+HA composites

Composites of starch based blends (starch-EVOH) reinforced with bioactive bone-like hydroxyapatite (HA) have been recently proposed for temporary biomedical implants. Very promising mechanical results were obtained so far, both by the introduction of coupling agents (titanates, zirconates and silanes) or by optimizing the respective processing route. In this study coupled and non-coupled composites were aged up to 30 days in two types of simulated physiological solutions (with and without added proteins/enzymes) and the respective property variation was evaluated by means of: weight loss, water-uptake and mechanical performance (strength, stiffness and ductility). The interfacial attack generated by the solutions was observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and quantified (calcium and phosphorous amounts in the solution) by atomic emission spectrometry (ICP). The in-vitro degradation process of starch-EVOH+HA composites consists apparently of three main stages: i) for short periods (0–6 days) it is characterized by a high degradation rate due to the leaching of plasticizers, low molecular weight polymeric chains and some dissolution of HA; ii) for longer periods (7–15 days), the major extraction of the plasticizers occurs and the material becomes brittle and; iii) from the 15th immersion day on, the degradation rate is lower and, eventually chemical attack on the polymer structure takes place, mainly in the presence of enzymes/proteins. The confirmation of this type of behavior will support the potential use of these composites, already tested for their non-cytotoxic character, in temporary applications where the retention of mechanical properties for 3 to 6 weeks is required