Mapping Global Agricultural History: A Map and Gazetteer for Sub-Saharan Africa, c. 1800 AD

Recent global historical cropland modelling grossly underestimates the pre-colonial development of agriculture in the Americas and many parts of sub-Saharan Africa. Such models are usually developed by back casting from recent land cover, combined with environmentally deterministic algorithms. Historical geographers have been slow in responding to a new demand for a global synthesis. In this paper, a preliminary map of African agricultural systems dating to AD 1800 is presented. It forms a component of the project Mapping Global Agriculture and is based on the existing historical literature, observations by early travelers, archaeology and archaeobotany. It should be emphasized that the generated map should be considered preliminary.</p

Lactone Formation in Yeast and Fungi

International audienceLactones are important secondary metabolites for fungi. In this chapter are presented some lactones that are important in biotechnology such as flavoring lactones or fragrance macrocyclic musk compounds, whereas others are important for quorum sensing and health (mycotoxins). Different pathways or enzymes can give rise to lactones, and the pathways going through β-oxidation and ω-oxidation and the fungal polyketide pathway (relatively similar to the fatty acid synthesis pathway) are presented as well as the activity of Baeyer–Villiger monooxygenases and lactonases and their potential use in biotechnology